Strain Variation in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex: Its Role in Biology, Epidemiology and Control

Description

Until about 10 years ago, the general view in the field was that Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of human tuberculosis was a “clone” with insufficient natural sequence variation between clinical strains to be considered biologically and epidemiologically “relevant”. This view has now changed quite dramatically thanks to the –omics revolution, particularly the advent of next generation DNA sequencing. Large-scale comparative genomic studies over the last few years have revealed that M. tuberculosis clinical strains are more genetically diverse than appreciated previously. Moreover, an increasing number of experimental and epidemiological studies are showing that this genetic diversity also translates into important phenotypic variation. Taken together, these findings have led to a paradigm shift, such that currently phylogenetic diversity among M. tuberculosis clinical strains is being considered in the development of new tools to combat tuberculosis. The purpose of this book is to bring together a series of contributions from some of the most influential groups working on various aspects of M. tuberculosis diversity, and which through their work have contributed to the this paradigm shift. This includes authors focusing on the evolution of M. tuberculosis in relation to other members of the M. tuberculosis complex adapted to animals, the co-evolution between M. tuberculosis and humans, the phenotypic consequences of strains diversity both from an experimental and epidemiological point of view, the ecology and evolution of drug resistant tuberculosis, the diversity and evolution of the BCG vaccine strains, and the use of mathematical modelling to study strain diversity and drug resistance in human tuberculosis. No such book has ever been published, and given the paradigm shift described above, this book will be a valuable resource both for established researchers as well as new scientists, clinicians and public health officials joining the growing field of tuberculosis research. Front Matter ....Pages i-xi The Nature and Evolution of Genomic Diversity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (Daniela Brites, Sebastien Gagneux)....Pages 1-26 The Biology and Epidemiology of Mycobacterium canettii (Philip Supply, Roland Brosch)....Pages 27-41 The Evolution of Strain Typing in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (Matthias Merker, Thomas A. Kohl, Stefan Niemann, Philip Supply)....Pages 43-78 Genomic Epidemiology of Tuberculosis (Iñaki Comas)....Pages 79-93 Biological and Epidemiological Consequences of MTBC Diversity (Mireia Coscolla)....Pages 95-116 The Biology and Epidemiology of Mycobacterium africanum (Dorothy Yeboah-Manu, Bouke C. de Jong, Florian Gehre)....Pages 117-133 Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex Members Adapted to Wild and Domestic Animals (Kerri M. Malone, Stephen V. Gordon)....Pages 135-154 Evolution and Strain Variation in BCG (Abdallah M. Abdallah, Marcel A. Behr)....Pages 155-169 Antigenic Variation and Immune Escape in the MTBC (Joel D. Ernst)....Pages 171-190 PE and PPE Genes: A Tale of Conservation and Diversity (Giovanni Delogu, Michael J. Brennan, Riccardo Manganelli)....Pages 191-207 Epidemiology of Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis (Anna S. Dean, Helen Cox, Matteo Zignol)....Pages 209-220 Evolution of Phenotypic and Molecular Drug Susceptibility Testing (Daniela M. Cirillo, Paolo Miotto, Enrico Tortoli)....Pages 221-246 DNA Replication Fidelity in the Mycobacterium tuberculosis Complex (Digby F. Warner, Jeremy M. Rock, Sarah M. Fortune, Valerie Mizrahi)....Pages 247-262 Strain Diversity and the Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance (Sonia Borrell, Andrej Trauner)....Pages 263-279 Mathematical Models for the Epidemiology and Evolution of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Jūlija Pečerska, James Wood, Mark M. Tanaka, Tanja Stadler)....Pages 281-307 Back Matter ....Pages 309-314