A sketch grammar of Pondi

Description

Acknowledgements List of abbreviations List of maps, figures and tables 1. Introduction 1.1 Organisation 1.2 Previous research on the language 1.3 Methodology 1.4 Orthography and presentation 1.5 Pondi: The language and its speakers 1.5.1 The name of the language 1.5.2 The environment 1.5.3 Langam village 1.5.4 The people 1.5.5 Relationships with neighbouring villages and borrowing 1.5.6 Variation 1.6 Language vitality 1.6.1 UNESCO’s nine factors 1.6.2 EGIDS 1.6.3 LEI 1.7 Classification 1.8 Typological overview 2. Phonetics and phonology 2.1 Consonants 2.1.1 Voiceless stops 2.1.2 Prenasalised voiced stops 2.1.3 Prenasalised voiced affricate 2.1.4 Nasals 2.1.5 Liquid 2.1.6 Fricative 2.1.7 Glides 2.2 Vowels 2.2.1 The high front unrounded vowel /i/ 2.2.2 The mid front unrounded vowel /e/ 2.2.3 The low central unrounded vowel /a/ 2.2.4 The mid back rounded vowel /o/ 2.2.5 The high back rounded vowel /u/ 2.2.6 The high central unrounded vowel /ɨ/ 2.2.7 Diphthongs 2.3 Syllable structure 2.4 Stress 2.5 Morphophonemic processes 2.5.1 Vowel coalescence 2.5.2 Glide formation 2.5.3 Vowel degemination (or shortening) 2.5.4 High central vowel deletion 2.5.5 High vowel gliding 2.5.6 Glide insertion 2.5.7 Monophthongisation 2.5.8 Degemination and quasi-degemination 2.5.9 Sibilant voicing 2.6 Metathesis 2.7 Lexically determined alternations 3. Nominal morphology (number) 3.1 Plurals ending in -al 3.2 Plurals ending in -ïl 3.3 Plurals ending in -e 3.4 Plurals ending in -se 3.5 Plurals ending in -ate 3.6 Plurals ending in -ange 3.7 Plurals ending in -une 3.8 Non-plural -mo, plural -me 3.9 Plural ending in -mbe 3.10 Non-plurals ending in -m (singulative suffix) 3.11 Suppletive forms 3.12 Additional remarks on nominal number 4. Verbal morphology 4.1 Basic verbal morphology 4.2 The imperfective aspect 4.3 The perfective aspect 4.4 The irrealis mood 4.5 The imperative mood 4.6 The perfect prefix a- 4.7 The detransitiviser prefix l- 4.8 Nonfinite verb forms 4.9 The simultaneous suffix -e 4.10 The conditional suffix -se 4.11 The locative verb p- ‘be (at)’ 4.12 The motion verbs i- ‘come’ and mal- ‘go’ 5. Other word classes 5.1 Adjectives 5.1.1 Adjectival number morphology 5.1.2 The derivational suffix -wï ‘-like’ 5.2 Pronouns 5.2.1 Personal pronouns 5.2.2 Reflexive/reciprocal pronouns 5.2.3 Possessive pronouns 5.2.4 Intensive pronouns 5.2.5 Indefinite/interrogative pronouns 5.3 Determiners 5.3.1 Deictic demonstratives 5.3.2 Subject markers and object markers 5.3.3 Quantifiers 5.4 Postpositions 5.5 Adverbs 5.5.1 Temporal adverbs 5.5.2 Locative adverbs 5.5.3 Other adverbs 5.6 Negators 5.7 Interrogative words 5.8 Conjunctions 5.9 Numerals 6. Phrase-level syntax 6.1 Noun phrases 6.1.1 Nominal number 6.1.2 Possession 6.2 Verb phrases 6.2.1 Auxiliary verbs 6.2.2 Compound verbs 6.2.3 Equational constructions 6.3 Adpositional phrases 7. Clause-level syntax 7.1 Basic constituent order 7.2 Core argument alignment 7.3 Obliques 7.4 Ditransitive alignment? 7.5 Monoclausal (or simple) sentences 8. The syntax of sentences 8.1 Complex sentences 8.1.1 Coordination 8.1.2 The functional equivalent of relative clauses 8.1.3 Permissive constructions 8.1.4 Subordination 8.1.5 Simultaneous action 8.1.6 Parataxis 8.2 Questions 8.3 Commands and requests 8.4 Negation 8.5 Reported speech 8.6 Conditional sentences 9. Lexicon 9.1 Pondi-to-English word list 9.2 English-to-Pondi finder list Swadesh 100-word list Swadesh 200-word list Standard SIL–PNG word list (190 items) References