Renewable Hydrogen Production

Description

Renewable Hydrogen Production provides a comprehensive analysis of renewable energy-based hydrogen production. Through simulation analysis and experimental investigations, the book provides fundamentals, compares existing hydrogen production applications, discusses novel technologies, and offers insights into the future directions of this rapidly evolving industry. This all-in-one resource on how to produce clean hydrogen production to enhance energy efficiency and support sustainable development will appeal to a wide variety of industries and professionals. Front Cover Renewable Hydrogen Production Renewable Hydrogen Production Copyright Contents Preface Nomenclature 1 - Introduction 1.1 Fuels Utilization 1.2 Hydrogen Properties and Sustainable Development 1.3 Hydrogen Storage 1.4 Hydrogen Infrastructure, Transportation, and Distribution 1.5 Hydrogen Fuel-Cell Applications 1.5.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells 1.5.2 Phosphoric Acid Fuel Cells 1.5.3 Solid Oxide Fuel Cells 1.5.4 Alkaline Fuel Cells 1.5.5 Ammonia Fuel Cells 1.6 Closing Remarks 2 - Hydrogen Production Methods 2.1 Conventional Hydrogen Production Methods 2.1.1 Natural Gas Reforming 2.1.2 Coal Gasification 2.2 Renewable Hydrogen Production Methods 2.2.1 Solar Energy 2.2.2 Wind Energy 2.2.3 Geothermal Energy 2.2.4 Hydro Energy 2.2.5 Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion 2.2.6 Biomass Gasification 2.3 Other Hydrogen Production Methods 2.3.1 Nuclear Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 2.3.2 Aluminum-Based Hydrogen Production 2.3.3 Plasma Reactor-Based Hydrogen Production 2.3.4 Ammonia Cracking for Hydrogen Production 2.3.5 Ultrasonic-Based Hydrogen Production 2.3.6 Chlor-Alkali Electrochemical Process 2.3.7 Biological Hydrogen Production 2.4 Thermochemical Cycles 2.5 Electrolysis 2.5.1 Proton Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer 2.5.2 Solid Oxide Electrolyzer 2.5.3 Alkaline Electrolyzer 2.6 Closing Remarks 3 - Solar Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 3.1 Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Production 3.2 Photonic Hydrogen Production 3.3 Solar Photovoltaic Energy 3.3.1 Case Study 1 3.3.2 Case Study 2 3.4 Solar Thermal Energy 3.5 Solar Thermal Collector 3.6 Photocatalysis 3.7 Thermolysis 3.8 Solar Heliostat 3.8.1 Case Study 3 Solar heliostat field 3.9 Closing Remarks 4 - Wind Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 4.1 Working Principle and Advantages of Wind Energy 4.2 Types of Wind Turbines 4.2.1 Horizontal-Axis Wind Turbines 4.2.2 Vertical-Axis Wind Turbines 4.3 Onshore and Offshore Wind Turbines 4.4 Wind Turbine Configuration Outline placeholder Anemometer Blades Brake Controller Gearbox Generator High-Speed Shaft Low-Speed Shaft Nacelle Pitch Rotor Tower Wind Vane Yaw Motor Yaw Drive 4.5 Wind Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 4.5.1 Wind Turbine Thermodynamic Analysis Energy analysis Exergy analysis 4.5.2 Case Study 4 Wind turbine farm analysis PEM electrolyzer and fuel cell Performance assessment Sensitivity analyses 4.6 Closing Remarks 5 - Geothermal Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 5.1 Geothermal Energy Advantages and Disadvantages 5.1.1 Advantages Environment friendly Renewable nature Massive potential Sustainable development Suitability for cooling and heating Reliability No fuel requirement Quick evolution 5.1.2 Disadvantages Environmental issues Surface instability (earthquakes) Expensive Location specific Sustainability issues 5.2 Geothermal Power Plants 5.3 Types of Geothermal Power Plants 5.3.1 Dry Steam Power Plants 5.3.2 Flash Steam Power Plants 5.3.3 Binary Cycle Power Plants 5.4 Geothermal Heat Pumps 5.5 Types of Geothermal Heat Pumps 5.5.1 Closed-Loop Systems Horizontal Vertical Pond/lake 5.5.2 Open-Loop System 5.5.3 Hybrid Systems 5.6 Flashing Types of Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plants with Reinjection 5.6.1 Single-Flash Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plant 5.6.2 Double-Flash Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plant 5.6.3 Triple-Flash Geothermal-Assisted Hydrogen Production Plant 5.7 Case Study 5 5.7.1 Description 5.7.2 Analysis Flash Chamber Separator Turbine Generator Condenser Performance Assessment 5.7.3 Results and Discussion 5.8 Closing Remarks 6 - Hydro Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 6.1 Working Principle 6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydro Energy 6.2.1 Advantages of Hydro Energy Renewable energy source Contribution in remote community development Clean energy source Sustainable development Cost competitive Recreational opportunities 6.2.2 Disadvantages of Hydropower Environmental impact Flood risks High upfront capital costs Methane and carbon dioxide emissions Conflicts Droughts 6.3 Classification of Hydropower Plants 6.4 Hydroelectric Turbine and Generator 6.4.1 Hydroelectric Power Plant and Pumped Storage 6.5 Types of Hydropower Turbines 6.5.1 Impulse Turbine Pelton Cross-flow 6.5.2 Reaction Turbine Kaplan Francis 6.6 Hydropower-Based Hydrogen Production 6.6.1 Modeling of Single Penstock 6.6.2 Surge Tank Modeling 6.6.3 Wave Travel Time 6.6.4 Head Loss Coefficient 6.7 Closing Remarks 7 - Ocean Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 7.1 Ocean Energy Productions Steps Outline placeholder Wind Blows Create Waves Waves Approach Land Waves Encounter Machines Machines Converting Waves into Electricity Electricity Provided to the Grid Electricity Used for Hydrogen Production 7.2 Ocean Energy Conversion 7.2.1 Types of Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion Systems 7.2.2 Wave Power Generation 7.3 Ocean Energy Devices and Designs Outline placeholder Point Absorber Buoy Surface Attenuator Oscillating Water Column Overtopping Device Wave Carpet Oscillating Wave Surge Converter 7.4 Types of Ocean Energy 7.4.1 Ocean Thermal Energy Working principle 7.4.2 Osmotic Power 7.4.3 Tides and Currents Tidal barrage Dynamic tidal power Tidal current turbine 7.5 Advantages and Disadvantages 7.5.1 Advantages of Ocean Energy Renewable Environment friendly Abundant and extensively available Variety of methods to extract Predictable Less dependence on foreign oil No land damage Reliable Huge energy amounts can be generated Offshore wave-power harnessing 7.5.2 Disadvantages of Ocean Energy Locations suitability Effect on ecosystem Source of disturbance Wavelength Weak rough weather performance Visual and noise pollution Production costs 7.6 Case Study 6 7.6.1 System Description 7.6.2 Analysis Boiler Turbine Condenser Pump PEM electrolyzer Performance assessment 7.6.3 Results and Discussion 7.7 Closing Remarks 8 - Biomass Energy-Based Hydrogen Production 8.1 Advantages and Disadvantages of Biomass Energy 8.1.1 Advantages Renewable Carbon neutral Less fossil fuels dependency Versatile Availability Low comparative cost than fossil fuels Waste reduction Domestic production 8.1.2 Disadvantages Not entirely clean High comparative cost Possible deforestation Space Water requirement Inefficiencies Under development 8.2 Biomass as a Renewable Energy Resource 8.2.1 Biomass Feedstocks Devoted energy crops Forestry residues Agricultural residues Animal waste Algae Sorted municipal waste Wood processing residues Wet waste Wood wastes Wood wastes Municipal solid wastes and sewage Municipal solid wastes and sewage Industrial wastes Industrial wastes 8.2.2 Types of Biomass-Based Hydrogen Production Methods 8.3 Pyrolysis 8.3.1 Types of Pyrolysis Reactions Slow pyrolysis Flash pyrolysis Fast pyrolysis 8.3.2 Advantages 8.3.3 Applications of Pyrolysis 8.4 Biomass Gasification 8.4.1 Biomass Power to Hydrogen 8.5 Types of Gasifiers 8.5.1 Counter Current or Updraught Gasifier 8.5.2 Cocurrent or Downdraught Gasifiers 8.5.3 Fluidized Bed Gasifier 8.5.4 Cross-Draught Gasifier 8.5.5 Entrained-Flow Gasifier 8.6 Case Study 7 8.6.1 System Description 8.6.2 Analysis and Assessment Biomass gasification unit Yield reactor C1 Gasification reactor C2 Turbine C3 Heat exchanger C4 Separator C5 Heat exchanger C10 Heater C13 Water–gas shift reaction C14 Separator C15 Performance indicator 8.6.3 Results and Discussion 8.7 Closing Remarks 9 - Integrated Systems for Hydrogen Production 9.1 Status of Integrated Energy Systems 9.1.1 Integrated Energy Systems for Buildings 9.1.2 Integrated Energy Systems for Hydrogen 9.2 Significance of Integrated Energy Systems 9.2.1 Efficient Energy Utilization 9.2.2 Sustainable Energy Supply Power-to-gas Power-to-heat Battery storage 9.2.3 Energy Independence 9.2.4 Grid Quality 9.2.5 Global Climate Support 9.3 Case Study 8 9.3.1 System Description 9.3.2 Analysis Solar Heliostat Field Solar-Assisted Rankine Cycle Pump C1 Pump C1 Heat exchanger C2 Heat exchanger C2 Steam turbine C3 Steam turbine C3 Thermochemical Cu–Cl Cycle Hydrolysis reactor C7 Hydrolysis reactor C7 Thermolysis reactor C10 Thermolysis reactor C10 Electrolysis reactor C14 Electrolysis reactor C14 Separator C15 Separator C15 Heater C16 Heater C16 Dryer C17 Dryer C17 Absorption Cooling System Generator Generator Condenser Condenser Throttling valve Throttling valve Evaporator Evaporator Absorber Absorber Pump Pump Heat exchanger Heat exchanger Performance Assessment 9.3.3 Results and Discussion 9.4 Case Study 9 9.4.1 System Description 9.4.2 Analysis Heat exchanger C1 High-pressure turbine C2 Heat exchanger C3 Low-pressure turbine C4 Heater C16 Pump C6 Flash chamber Separator Turbine Generator Condenser Performance assessment 9.4.3 Results and Discussion 9.5 Case Study 10 9.5.1 System Description 9.5.2 Analysis Biomass gasification unit Performance indicator 9.5.3 Results and Discussion 9.6 Closing Remarks 10 - Conclusions and Future Directions 10.1 Conclusions 10.2 Future Directions References Appendix Index A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P R S T U V W Y Back Cover