Introduction to the History of Cyprus

Description

HISTORY OF CYPRUS - final cover......Page 1 chapter_01......Page 2 CYPRUS IN ANTIQUITY......Page 3 Prehistoric Cyprus......Page 5 Roman Cyprus......Page 46 Chalcolithic Age......Page 6 Bronze Age (2500-1050)......Page 7 The Geometric Period (1050-750)......Page 11 Archaic and Classical Cyprus - The Age of Kingdoms (8 - 4 BC)......Page 12 Sources and Evidences of Cypriot Kingdoms......Page 13 Cypriot Kingship......Page 14 Population and language......Page 16 The Assyrian Royal Inscriptions......Page 19 Cyprus and Assyria......Page 22 The Cypriot Kingdoms under the Persian Empire......Page 23 The Ionian Revolt......Page 24 Persian Wars and the Cypriot Kingdoms......Page 25 Archaic economy, culture and religion......Page 26 Athens, Persia and Cypriot Kingdoms......Page 28 The Athenians in Cyprus......Page 29 The Kingship of Evagoras......Page 31 From Evagoras to Alexander......Page 34 Alexander and the Cypriot kingdoms (332-323)......Page 35 The end of the Cypriot Kingdoms (323-294)......Page 36 Classical Cyprus: Culture, economy and religion......Page 38 Hellenistic Cyprus......Page 40 Ptolemaic administration......Page 41 Hellenistic Cyprus: Culture, Religion, and Society......Page 44 Roman conquest of Ptolemaic Cyprus......Page 47 Roman administration......Page 48 Roman Cyprus: economy, society, and religion......Page 50 Bibliography......Page 54 Cyprus under the Byzantine Empire (4th century to the Crusades, 324-1191)......Page 55 Introduction......Page 56 Cyprus in the 4th and 5th century......Page 57 The Cypriot Church......Page 58 Administrative changes in the 6th and the 7th century......Page 59 Economic life......Page 60 The treaty of 686 and its consequences......Page 61 Cyprus between Byzantines and Arabs in 8th and 9th century......Page 63 The crisis of the 10th century......Page 65 Summary - Conclusions......Page 66 Administration and rebel movements in Cyprus until the time of the 1st Crusade......Page 68 Cyprus at the time of the 1st Crusade......Page 69 Cyprus between East and West......Page 72 The Church of Cyprus in the last Byzantine centuries......Page 73 The rebellion of Isaakios Komnenos and its consequences......Page 74 Summary......Page 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 76 chapter_03......Page 77 Frankish and Venetian Cyprus, 1191-1571......Page 78 The First Century, 1191-1291......Page 79 The Zenith of Medieval Cyprus, 1291-1372......Page 87 Kingdom in Decline, 1372-1474......Page 93 Venetian Recovery, 1474-1571......Page 100 Sources in English Translation......Page 104 Main Secondary Bibliography in English......Page 105 chapter_04......Page 106 CONQUEST AND INTEGRATION The Background and Aftermath of the War of Cyprus......Page 107 Introduction......Page 147 Cyprus under Venetian Rule......Page 108 Ottoman Policy after the Conquest......Page 109 The First Ottoman Survey......Page 110 Policy towards the Greek Orthodox Church......Page 111 Islamizations......Page 112 Pious Foundations (Vakıf)......Page 113 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 155 THE OTTOMAN SYSTEM IN CYPRUS IN THE FIRST CENTURY AFTER THE CONQUEST 1571-1670......Page 116 Sipahi and Peasants......Page 118 Class: Askeri and Reaya......Page 119 Berat......Page 120 Cypriot Bishops and Scholars of the 16th and 17th centuries......Page 121 The Demographic Development of the Population of Cyprus......Page 122 Natural Disasters: Drought and Locust Attacks......Page 123 Disease, Epidemics and Life Expectancy......Page 124 CYPRUS IN THE AGE OF OTTOMAN DECENTRALIZATION The Long 18th Century......Page 127 Administration......Page 129 Political Events......Page 130 Education and Culture......Page 131 Archbishop Kyprianos (1810-1821)......Page 132 The Dragomans of the Porte in Istanbul......Page 133 Hadjigeorgakis Kornesios......Page 134 The İltizam System and Lending Activities......Page 137 The Çiftlik......Page 136 Capitulations......Page 138 Consuls and Foreign Merchants......Page 139 Protégés......Page 140 The Ionians and the Creation of a Local Bourgeoisie......Page 141 The Consequences of the Events......Page 142 Mahmud II’s Reforms in Cyprus......Page 148 The Hatt-i Şerif of Gülhane (1839-1856) and the Tanzimat......Page 149 Hatt-i Hümayûn (1856)......Page 150 The Last Ottoman Governors of Cyprus (1856-1878)......Page 151 Church and Education during the Ottoman Reforms......Page 152 Cyprus and the Eastern Question......Page 153 The British Occupation of Cyprus (1878)......Page 154 chapter_05......Page 157 Cyprus in the national and international arenas, 1945-1960: The EOKA struggle - diplomacy and the......Page 197 Introduction......Page 198 March 1947:The new Governor, Lord Winster, arrives in Cyprus ......Page 199 Summer 1948-December 1949:Successive and successful British representation to Athens against raising......Page 200 1951-53:Crisis in Iran ......Page 202 November 1952:Papagos’ Greek Rally triumphs at the Greek general election ......Page 203 August 1954:The “oath of Phaneromeni” ......Page 204 28 July 1954:Announcement in the House of Commons of the Anglo-Egyptian Suez Base Agreement ......Page 205 1950:Rise to power of the Democratic Party under Adnan Menderes ......Page 206 1954:Turkey sides with Britain against the Greek appeal at the UN ......Page 207 April 1955:Britain accedes to the Baghdad Pact ......Page 208 Early April 1955:Churchill resigns, Eden becomes Prime Minister ......Page 209 November 1954:Grivas goes to Cyprus ......Page 210 Summer 1955:EOKA attacks and effectively neutralizes the Cyprus Police ......Page 211 30 June 1955:Britain issues invitations to Greece and Turkey for a conference at London......Page 212 6-7 September 1955:Turkish pogrom against the Greeks of Istanbul – collapse of the Conference ......Page 213 15 December 1955:Death of Charalambos Mouskos ......Page 214 2 February 1956:Makarios accepts in principle the British formula and requests negotiations for the......Page 215 9 August 1956:Executions of EOKA members ......Page 216 Summer 1956:The first mention of the idea of partition by the British and the Turks ......Page 217 October 1956:Official Greek proposal through the US mediator, Julius Holmes ......Page 218 12 October 1956:Turkey suggests the partition of Cyprus to Britain ......Page 219 19 December 1956:Lennox Boyd presents the constitutional proposals in the House of Commons, accompan......Page 220 February 1957:Averoff raises the possibility of guaranteed independence to US Secretary of State Dul......Page 221 17 April 1957:Makarios arrives in Athens ......Page 222 Spring 1957:The British study the possibility of implementing partition......Page 223 Autumn 1957:NATO Secretary-General Spaak offers to mediate in the Cyprus dispute ......Page 224 November-December 1957:The third UN debate on Cyprus......Page 225 January 1958:Presentation of the Foot plan to Turkey. Turkish Cypriot revolt against the British in......Page 226 Late 1957-early 1958:EOKA’s attacks against AKEL members......Page 227 Late June 1958:The British respond to the Turkish Cypriot violence by arresting 1,200 Greek Cypriots......Page 228 14 August 1958:Second version of the Macmillan Plan rejected by Greece, accepted by Turkey and endor......Page 229 23 September 1958:Makarios’ interview with Barbara Castle ......Page 230 January 1958:Exchanges through the diplomatic channels ......Page 231 17-19 February 1959:London Conference ......Page 232 17-19 February 1959:London Conference ......Page 233 6 April 1960:Makarios and Kuchuk sign the Constitution ......Page 234 6 July 1960:The final agreement on the bases ......Page 235 15-16 August 1960:Cyprus becomes an independent state......Page 236 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 237 chapter_07......Page 239 Introduction......Page 240 The Cypriot economy......Page 241 Education......Page 242 May 1946 - Municipal elections in Cyprus......Page 244 December 1947 - Election of Makarios II as Archbishop......Page 245 1948 - Attempt by members of the “X” party of Greece to organize anticommunist activities in Cyprus......Page 246 1948-49 - The British adopt measures against AKEL......Page 247 Developments in the Turkish Cypriot community......Page 248 1951-2 - Reorganization of the Ethnarchy......Page 250 1953-54 - The start of Greek Cypriot mass protest against colonial rule......Page 251 March 1956 - Makarios deported to the Seychelles......Page 252 Education and the anti-colonial struggle......Page 253 1958 - Turkish Cypriot communal violence......Page 254 Challenges in the implementation of the new regime......Page 255 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 257 Cyprus 1960-1974: internal developments......Page 260 Introduction......Page 261 The Constitution, the common state and the communities, 1960-1963.......Page 263 Makarios’ 13 points......Page 265 From the outbreak of inter-communal fighting (December 1963) to the end of 1967......Page 266 A solution for the Cyprus Problem? International efforts, local application......Page 269 Persons, Parties and Elections, 1960-1974......Page 271 Violence and counter-violence in the Republic......Page 272 Denouement: the short road to Coup......Page 276 English language published material......Page 278 Bibliography in Greek......Page 279 List of further resources......Page 280 chapter_10......Page 281 Keywords......Page 282 Introduction......Page 283 A. The Security Council......Page 284 B. The General Assembly......Page 285 C. The UN Commission of Human Rights......Page 287 The illegal declaration of the so called “turkish republic of northern cyprus” and the UN Reaction......Page 288 The Reaction of the Council of Europe and the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe......Page 289 The European Court of Human Rights......Page 293 The European Parliament Reaction......Page 295 The United States and Soviet Union Reaction in the 1974 Turkish invasion......Page 296 BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 298 Web Sites......Page 299 In search of a settlement, Cyprus solution plans and international diplomacy, 1974-1999......Page 300 Keywords......Page 301 Introduction......Page 302 The First High Level Agreement......Page 303 The first Plan for the solution of the Cyprus Problem. The ABC Plan......Page 305 The Second High Level Agreement......Page 309 The “Cuellar Indicators”......Page 311 Developmnets from the end of 1984 to August 1985......Page 314 The Soviet Union Proposals......Page 316 The Set of Ideas - The “Ghali Ideas”......Page 319 The UN Secretary General proposal for Confidence Building Measures......Page 324 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 326 Web Sites......Page 328 The Annan plan and the April 2004 plebiscite. Cyprus entry to the EU. 1999-2004......Page 329 Keywords......Page 330 Introduction......Page 331 The Conclusions of the European Union Council in Helsinki and the new effort for solving the Cyprus......Page 332 The first visit of a President of the Republic of Cyprus to the occupied areas - The first visit of......Page 334 Article 1 Foundation Agreement......Page 335 Article 4 Conditions of accession to the European Union......Page 336 The Annan Plan II......Page 344 The EU Conclusions in Copenhagen......Page 346 The Annan Plan III......Page 347 The Annan Plan IV......Page 349 The Annan Plan V......Page 350 SELECTIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY......Page 353 Web Sites......Page 354 A guide to major Cypriot sites......Page 356 Archeological museum, Kourio, Amathounta, Pafos - Mosaics......Page 358 The Cyprus Museum......Page 359 Guide to Amathus......Page 363 Prehistory and History of Amathus Prehistory......Page 364 Historical Period......Page 376 The Palace......Page 365 The harbor......Page 366 The Christian Basilica on the acropolis summit......Page 367 Prehistorical Times (4500-8 B.C.)......Page 368 Topography......Page 381 The Theater......Page 370 The House of Gladiators......Page 372 The Early Christian Basilica......Page 373 Guide to Palaipaphos (Kouklia)......Page 375 The Sanctuary of Aphrodite......Page 377 The City wall and the Palace of Hadji Abdulla......Page 378 The Northeast Gate of the defensive wall......Page 379 The House of Dionysos......Page 382 The House of Orpheus......Page 383 The House of Aion......Page 384 Orthodox Churches and Monsteries of Cyprus The Byzantine Museum of the Archbishop Makarios III Fo......Page 386 KYKKOS MONASTERY......Page 387 ANGELOKTISTI CHURCH......Page 389 Stavros tou Ayiasmati in Platanistasa......Page 390 Ayios Nikolaos tis Stegis (Saint Nicholas of the Roof) in Kakopetria......Page 391 St John Lampadistis in Kalopanagiotis......Page 392 Metamorfosis tou Sotiros or Ayia-Sotera (Transfiguration of the Saviour) in Palaichori......Page 393 English Bibliography......Page 400 Ayia Sophia, Omerye Mosque, Ayia Napa......Page 395 Ayia Sophia......Page 396 Omerye Mosque......Page 398 Ayia Napa......Page 399 Sites of Nicosia......Page 401 The Old Archbishopric, Nicosia......Page 402 Further reading......Page 410 Cyprus Folk Art Museum......Page 404 The House of Hadjigeorgakis Kornessios......Page 407 chapter_13e......Page 411 The Museum of the National Struggle......Page 412 The Monument......Page 419 Sources......Page 422 The Imprisoned Tombs......Page 416