Fragmenting the Chieftain - Catalogue: Late Bronze and Early Iron Age Elite Burials in the Low Countries

Description

There is a cluster of Early Iron Age (800-500 BC) elite burials in the Low Countries in which bronze vessels, weaponry, horse-gear and wagons were interred as grave goods. Mostly imports from Central Europe, these objects are found brought together in varying configurations in cremation burials generally known as chieftains' graves or princely burials. In terms of grave goods they resemble the Furstengraber of the Hallstatt Culture of Central Europe, with famous Dutch and Belgian examples being the Chieftain's grave of Oss, the wagon-grave of Wijchen, and the elite cemetery of Court-St-Etienne. The majority of the Dutch and Belgian burials were found several decades to several centuries ago and context information tends to be limited. They also tend to be published in Dutch or French or otherwise difficult to access publications. This research went back to the original reports and studied the objects found in these graves in detail. This generated new evidence-based insights and interpretations into these exceptional burials and allowed for the reconstruction of the individual burial rituals. Fragmenting the Chieftain - Catalogue presents the first comprehensive overview of the Dutch and Belgian elite graves (in English) and the objects they contain. The results of an in-depth, practice-based archaeological analysis of the Dutch and Belgian elite graves and the burial practice through which they were created can be found in Fragmenting the Chieftain: A practice-based study of Early Iron Age Hallstatt C elite burials in the Low Countries. Contents C1 Introduction C2 Terminology and typology C2.1 Pottery C2.2 Bronze vessels C2.2.1 Basic terminology and typology C2.2.1.1 The type Kurd bucket C2.2.2 The Dutch and Belgian bronze vessels C2.3 Weaponry C2.3.1 Swords and chapes C2.3.1.1 Terminology C2.3.1.2 Research history and typology C2.3.1.3 Type Gündlingen swords C2.3.1.4 Iron Mindelheim swords C2.3.1.5 Other (unique) iron swords C2.3.1.6 A rider’s blade? C2.3.2 Other weaponry C2.4 Horse-gear and wagons C2.4.1 Terminology C2.4.2 Horse-gear and wagon components from the Low Countries C2.4.2.1 Yoke and wagon components from Dutch and Belgian burials C2.4.3 Horse-gear with British connections? C2.4.4 The problem of the loose ring C2.4.5 Horse-gear or scabbard element C2.5 Tools C2.5.1 Knives C2.5.2 Axes C2.5.3 (Whet)stones C2.5.4 Spindle whorls C2.6 Personal appearance: grooming tools and ornaments C2.6.1 Atlantic razors? C2.6.2 Toiletries C2.6.3 Ornaments C2.7 Textiles C2.7.1 Defining cloth, clothing and costume C2.7.2 Technical aspect of textile (analysis) C2.7.3 Textiles in Oss-Vorstengraf C2.7.4 Textiles in Uden-Slabroek C3 Revealing restorations C3.1 Restoring the Chieftain’s grave of Oss C3.1.1 Restoration 1933–’34 C3.1.2 Restoration 1963 C3.1.3 Restoration 1992–’93 C3.1.4 Conclusion: the Chieftain’s grave of Oss C3.2 Restoring the Wijchen blades C3.3 Court-St-Etienne La Ferme Rouge T.3 restored or degraded? C3.4 Conclusion C4 Baarlo C4.1 Find circumstances C4.2 The material remains C4.3 Dating C4.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C5 Basse-Wavre C5.1 Find circumstances C5.2 Tombelle 5 C5.2.1 The material remains C5.2.2 Dating C5.2.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6 Court-St-Etienne C6.1 Research history C6.2 Court-St-Etienne La Ferme Rouge C6.2.1 Find circumstances C6.2.2 Tombelle 1 C6.2.2.1 The material remains C6.2.2.2 Dating C6.2.2.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.2.3 Tombelle 2 C6.2.3.1 The material remains C6.2.3.2 Dating C6.2.3.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.2.4 Tombelle 3 C6.2.4.1 The material remains C6.2.4.2 Dating C6.2.4.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.2.5 Tombelle 4 C6.2.5.1 The material remains C6.2.5.2 Dating C6.2.5.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.2.6 Tombelle 5 C6.2.6.1 The material remains C6.2.6.2 Dating C6.2.6.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.2.7 Objects found at La Ferme Rouge which cannot be ascribed to a specific barrow C6.3 Court-St-Etienne La Quenique C6.3.1 Find circumstances C6.3.2 Tombelle A C6.3.2.1 The material remains C6.3.2.2 Also from Tombelle A? C6.3.2.3 Dating C6.3.2.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.3.3 Tombelle B C6.3.3.1 The material remains C6.3.3.2 Dating C6.3.3.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.3.4 Tombelle K C6.3.4.1 The material remains C6.3.4.2 Dating C6.3.4.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.3.5 Tombelle L C6.3.5.1 The material remains C6.3.5.2 Dating C6.3.5.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.3.6 Tombelle M C6.3.6.1 The material remains C6.3.6.2 Dating C6.3.6.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.3.7 Tombelle X C6.3.8 Tombelle Y C6.3.8.1 The material remains C6.3.8.2 Dating C6.3.8.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.3.9 Tombelle Z C6.3.9.1 The material remains C6.3.9.2 Dating C6.3.9.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C6.3.10 Objects found at La Quenique, but not attributable to a specific barrow C6.3.10.1 Excavation 1861 C6.3.10.2 Burial opened in 1870 C6.3.10.3 Vandalization of barrows in 1877–‘78 C6.3.10.4 Objects probably from vandalization of 1877–‘78 C6.3.10.5 Objects of uncertain provenance C6.3.11 Flat graves at La Quenique C6.3.11.1 A chape probably found in a flat grave at La Quenique C7 Darp-Bisschopsberg C7.1 Find circumstances C7.2 The material remains C7.3 Dating C7.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C8 Ede-Bennekom C8.1 Find circumstances C8.2 The material remains C8.3 Dating C8.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C9 Flobecq-Pottelberg Tombelle 78 C9.1 The material remains C9.2 Dating C9.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C10 Gedinne-Chevaudos C10.1 Find circumstances C10.2 Tombelle 1 C10.2.1 The material remains C10.2.2 Dating C10.2.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C10.3 Tombelle 2 C10.3.1 The material remains C10.3.2 Dating C10.3.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C10.4 Tombelle 13 C10.4.1 The material remains C10.4.2 Dating C10.4.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C10.5 Tombelle 14 C10.5.1 The material remains C10.5.2 Dating C10.5.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C10.6 Tombelle 16 C10.6.1 The material remains C10.6.2 Dating C10.6.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C10.7 Tombelle A C10.7.1 The material remains C10.7.2 Dating C10.7.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C10.8 Tombelle P/Q C10.8.1 The material remains C10.8.2 Dating C10.8.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C11 Haps grave 190 11.1 Find circumstances C11.2 The material remains C11.3 Dating C11.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C12 Harchies-Maison Cauchies C12.1 Find circumstances C12.2 Tombe 1 C12.2.1 The material remains C12.2.2 Dating C12.2.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C12.3 Tombe 2 C12.3.1 The material remains C12.3.2 Dating C12.3.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C12.4 Tombe 3 C12.4.1 The material remains C12.4.2 Dating C12.4.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C12.5 Tombe 4 C12.5.1 The material remains C12.5.2 Dating C12.5.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C12.6 Finds of unknown context C13 Havré C13.1 Find circumstances C13.2 Tombelle A, B and D C13.3 Tombelle E C13.3.1 The material remains C13.3.2 Dating C13.3.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C13.4 Tombelles 1–17 C13.4.1 Tombelle 2 C13.4.2 Tombelle 4 C13.4.2 Tombelle 9 C13.4.3 Tombelle 10 C13.4.4 Tombelle 16 C14 Heythuizen-Bisschop C14.1 Find circumstances C14.2 The material remains C14.3 Dating C14.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C15 Hofstade-Kasteelstraat sp. 16 C15.1 Find circumstances C15.2 The material remains C15.3 Dating C15.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the burial ritual C16 Horst-Hegelsom C16.1 Find circumstances C16.2 Restoration history C16.3 The material remains C16.4 Dating C16.5 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C17 La Plantée des Dames C17.1 Find circumstances C17.2 Tombelle 3 C17.2.1 The material remains C17.2.2 Dating C17.3 Tombelle 4 C17.3.1 The material remains C17.3.2 Dating C18 Leesten-Meijerink grave 1 C18.1 Find circumstances C18.2 The material remains C18.3 Dating C18.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C19 Limal-Morimoine C19.1 Find circumstances C19.2 Tombelle 1 C19.2.1 The material remains C19.2.2 Dating C19.2.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C19.3 Tombelle 2 C19.3.1 The material remains C19.3.2 Dating C19.3.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C19.4 An iron sword of unknown find context C20 Lommel-Kattenbos Tombelle 20 C20.1 Find circumstances C20.2 The material remains C20.3 Dating C20.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C21 Louette-St-Pierre Fosse-Aux-Morts C21.1 Find circumstances C21.1 Tombelle I C21.1.1 The material remains C21.1.2 Dating C21.1.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C21.2 Tombelle III C21.2.1 The material remains C21.2.2 Dating C21.2.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C21.3 Stray finds of unknown context within Louette-St-Pierre Fosse-Aux-Morts C22 Maastricht-Heer C22.1 Find circumstances C22.2 The material remains C22.3 Dating C23 Meerlo C23.1 Find circumstances C23.2 Restoration history C23.3 The material remains C23.4 Dating C23.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C24 Meppen C24.1 Find circumstances C24.2 The material remains C24.3 Dating C24.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C25 Neerharen-Rekem tombe 72 C25.1 Find circumstances C25.2 The material remains C25.3 Dating C25.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C26 Oss-Vorstengraf C26.1 Find circumstances C26.2 The material remains C26.3 Dating C26.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C26.4.1 Artifacts that belong together C26.4.2 The burial ritual of Oss C27 Oss-Zevenbergen C27.1 Mound 3 C27.1.1 Find circumstances C27.1.2 The material remains C27.1.3 Dating C27.1.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C27.2 Mound 7 C27.2.1 Find circumstances C27.2.2 The material remains C27.2.3 Dating C27.2.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C28 Rhenen-Koerheuvel C28.1 Find circumstances C28.2 The material remains C28.3 Dating C28.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C29 Someren-Kraayenstark C29.1 Find circumstances C29.2 The material remains C29.3 Dating C29.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C30 Someren-Philipscamping C30.1 Find circumstances C30.2 The material remains C30.3 Dating C30.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C30.5 Two pots that may belong with the sword C31 Stoquoy Tombelle 5 C31.1 The material remains C31.2 Dating C31.3 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C32 Uden-Slabroek C32.1 Find circumstances C32.2 The material remains C32.3 Dating C32.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C33 Venlo C33.1 Find circumstances C33.2 The material remains C33.3 Dating C34 Weert-Boshoverheide C34.1 Find circumstances C34.2 Weert-Boshoverheide t.1 C34.3 Weert-Boshoverheide t.2 C34.4 Weert-Boshoverheide t.3 C34.5 Weert-Boshoverheide t.4 C34.6 Tumulus O C34.5.1 The material remains grave A C34.5.2 The material remains grave B C34.5.3 The material remains grave C C34.5.4 Other material remains C34.5.5 Dating C34.5.6 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C35 Wijchen C35.1 Find circumstances C35.2 The material remains C35.3 Dating C35.4 Actions taken and reconstructing the (burial) ritual C35.4.1 A wagon (and other objects) on fire? C35.4.2 The burial ritual Bibliography App. CA1 Hallstatt period textile finds from the Netherlands CA1.1 Textiles from Oss-Vorstengraf Textile on Mindelheim sword (OV.06; see Fig. CA1.1) Textile on iron knife (OV.24) Textile on iron rings (OV.16) Textile on iron ring (OV.18) Loose textile (OV.39–42) CA1.2 Textiles from Uden-Slabroek Textile on bracelet (US.07) Textile on bracelet set (US.08; see Fig. CA1.2) Textile on anklet (US.09) App. CA2 Chieftain’s grave of Oss through three restorations CA2.1 Explanation of the categories