Corrosion Characteristics, Mechanisms and Control Methods of Candidate Alloys in Sub- and Supercritical Water

Description

This book aims to provide comprehensive and systematic introduction and summary of corrosion characteristics, mechanisms, and control methods of candidate alloys in sub- and supercritical water environment. First of all, corrosion types of candidate alloys and the effects of major alloying elements on corrosion resistance of potential alloys in sub- and supercritical water are compared and analyzed. At the same time, research status of candidate materials, and development and application trends of several corrosion-resistant alloys are summarized. Then, corrosion characteristics of Ni-Cr, Ni-Cr-Mo, Ni-Fe-Cr and Ni-Fe-Cr-Mo-Cu corrosion-resistant alloys, FeCrAl alloy, and Zircaloy are discussed in detail, including the corrosion rate, the structure and composition of oxide film, and the effects of various surface treatment processes, etc. More specifically, it also investigates corrosion behavior of Ni-based alloy, Fe-Ni-based, and stainless steels in supercritical water. The effects of aggressive species on the corrosion behavior of Ni-base alloys are also explored in supercritical water.  Readers will further discover the total corrosion processes and mechanisms of typical candidate alloys in sub- and supercritical water environment. Finally, the work explores the corrosion control methods such as ceramic coatings and passivation processes in supercritical water oxidation and in subcritical water, respectively. Future challenges and development trends of corrosion research of candidate materials in sub- and supercritical water environments are covered at the end of this book. It offers valuable reference for theoretically guiding material selection and design and operating parameter optimization of key equipment in the sub- and supercritical water technologies. The book is written for senior undergraduates, graduate students, scholars, and researchers who are interested in corrosion behavior of candidate materials of supercritical water oxidation system, supercritical water gasification system, and nuclear reactor. Preface Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Supercritical Water Technology 1.1.1 Characteristics of Supercritical Water 1.1.2 Supercritical Water Oxidation 1.1.3 Supercritical Water Gasification 1.1.4 Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor 1.2 Problems in Supercritical Water Technology 1.2.1 Problems in Supercritical Water Oxidation 1.2.2 Problems in Supercritical Water Gasification 1.2.3 Problems in Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor 1.3 Studies on Candidate Materials for Supercritical Water Technology 1.3.1 Major Candidate Materials 1.3.2 Research Overview on Candidate Materials 1.4 Development and Application of Ni-Based Corrosion-Resistant Alloy 1.4.1 Development of Ni-Based Alloys 1.4.2 Applications of Ni-Based Alloys 1.5 Alloys Used in Subcritical Water in Nuclear Reactors References 2 Corrosion Types and Elemental Effects of Ni-Based and FeCrAl Alloys 2.1 Corrosion Types of Ni-Based Alloys 2.1.1 General Corrosion 2.1.2 Pitting Corrosion 2.1.3 Crevice Corrosion 2.1.4 Intergranular Corrosion 2.1.5 Environment-Assisted Fracture 2.2 Element Effects of Ni-Based Alloys 2.3 Element Effects of FeCrAl Alloys 2.3.1 Chromium (Cr) 2.3.2 Aluminum (Al) 2.3.3 Silicon (Si) 2.3.4 Reactive Elements 2.3.5 Other Elements References 3 Corrosion Characteristics of Candidate Alloys 3.1 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Cr Alloys 3.1.1 Corrosion Weight Change 3.1.2 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface 3.1.3 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics 3.2 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Cr–Mo Alloys 3.2.1 Corrosion Weight Change 3.2.2 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface 3.2.3 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics 3.3 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Fe–Cr Alloys 3.3.1 Corrosion Weight Change 3.3.2 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface 3.3.3 Surface Treatment Processes 3.3.4 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics 3.4 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Fe–Cr–Mo–Cu Alloys and Other Ni-Based Alloys 3.4.1 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface 3.4.2 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics 3.5 Corrosion Characteristics of FeCrAl Alloys 3.5.1 Oxidation Kinetics 3.5.2 Corrosion Process and Mechanism 3.5.3 Influence of Water Chemistry 3.5.4 Influence of Irradiation 3.5.5 Influence of Temperature 3.6 Corrosion Characteristics of Typical Zircaloy 3.6.1 Corrosion Process 3.6.2 Influence of Alloying Elements 3.6.3 Influence of pH 3.6.4 Influence of Secondary Phase Precipitates 3.6.5 Steam Oxidation in Loss of Coolant Accident References 4 Corrosion Mechanisms of Alloys in Supercritical Water 4.1 Oxidation Processes and Involved Chemical Reactions 4.1.1 Reactions of Typical Elements 4.1.2 Reactions of Ni/Cr/Fe Oxides and Ni/Fe Hydroxides 4.1.3 Reactions in Complicated SCW Environment 4.1.4 Overall Oxidation Process Evaluation 4.2 Total Corrosion Processes and Mechanisms References 5 Corrosion Behavior of Alloys in Supercritical Water Oxidation Processes 5.1 High-Temperature Corrosion of Fe–Ni-Based and Ni-Based Alloys in SCW 5.1.1 Introduction 5.1.2 Experiment 5.1.3 Results and Discussion 5.1.4 Conclusions 5.2 Corrosion Properties of Alloys in SCW Containing Phosphate, Sulfate, Chloride and Oxygen 5.2.1 Introduction 5.2.2 Experiment Section 5.2.3 Results and Discussion 5.2.4 Conclusion References 6 Corrosion Control Methods in Supercritical Water Oxidation Processes 6.1 Corrosion of Ceramic Coatings on 316 SS in Oxygenated Sub- and Supercritical Water 6.1.1 Introduction 6.1.2 Experimental Section 6.1.3 Results and Discussions 6.1.4 Conclusions 6.2 Corrosion of Passivated 316 SS in Subcritical Water Containing Oxygen and NaCl 6.2.1 Introduction 6.2.2 Experimental Section 6.2.3 Results and Discussions 6.2.4 Conclusions 6.3 Corrosion of Coated and Uncoated 316 SS in Supercritical Water Oxidation of Municipal Sludge 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 Experimental Section 6.3.3 Results and Discussions 6.3.4 Conclusions Supplementary Materials References 7 Prospects and Challenges of Candidate Alloys Used in Sub- and Supercritical Water Environment