The Reproductive System at a Glance

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Cover Title page Copyright page Contents Preface Table and figure acknowledgements About the companion website Part 1: Normal human reproduction 1: The pituitary gland and gonadotropins Pituitary structure and function Structure of LH and FSH Regulation of FSH and LH Mechanism of action of gonadotropins 2: Steroid hormone biosynthesis Cholesterol and the steroid production pathway Sites of production Ovary Testes Adrenals 3: Steroid hormone mechanism of action and metabolism Mechanisms of steroid action Agonists and antagonists Steroids in the circulation Steroid metabolism Steroid excretion 4: Reproductive genetics Chromosomes Mitosis and meiosis Non-disjunction Imprinting 5: Gonadal development in the embryo Role of sex chromatin in reproductive development Gonadal differentiation 6: Phenotypic sex differentiation Internal genitalia External genitalia 7: Gross anatomy of the male reproductive tract Testes and epididymis Vas (ductus) deferens and seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis 8: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive tract Testes Epididymis and vas (ductus) deferens Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Penis 9: Gross anatomy of the female reproductive tract Ovaries Fallopian tubes Uterus Vagina Vulva 10: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive tract Ovary Fallopian tube Uterus Cervix and vagina 11: Puberty in boys Physical changes of puberty Adrenarche Testicular maturation Secondary sexual characteristics Somatic growth 12: Puberty in girls Physical changes of puberty Adrenarche Breast development (thelarche) Secondary sexual characteristics Somatic growth Menarche 13: Male reproductive physiology Erection, emission and ejaculation Hormonal control of spermatogenesis Leydig cell function Regulation of gonadotropin secretion in males 14: The menstrual cycle Follicular phase Ovulatory phase Luteal phase Menstrual phase 15: Human sexual response Phases of the sexual response Male sexual response Female sexual response 16: Fertilization and the establishment of pregnancy The egg The sperm Fertilization Establishment of pregnancy 17: Placental structure and function Placental morphology Placental immunology Placental function 18: The protein hormones of pregnancy Placental production of protein hormones Human chorionic gonadotropin Human placental lactogen Other hormones Maternal production of protein hormones 19: The steroid hormones of pregnancy Progesterone Estrogens Fetal adrenal physiology Maternal adrenal function and salt metabolism 20: Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: I Cardiovascular system Respiratory system Kidney and urinary tract Hematologic system Skin 21: Maternal adaptations to pregnancy: II Thyroid gland Gastrointestinal tract Nutritional requirements of pregnancy Immune system 22: Labor Phases of labor Initiation of labor 23: The breast and lactation Development of the breast Milk formation Regulation of milk production The lactation reflex 24: Menopause Physiology of menopause Signs and symptoms Hot flashes Bone changes Cardiovascular changes 25: Contraception “Natural” family planning Barrier methods Spermicides Intrauterine devices Hormonal contraception Sterilization Part 2: Human reproductive disorders 26: Abnormalities of male sexual differentiation and development Cryptorchidism Hypospadias Congenital bilateral absence of the vas deferens Microorchidism Pseudohermaphroditism Androgen insensitivity syndromes 5α-reductase deficiency Congenital adrenal hyperplasia syndromes Gender assignment 27: Abnormalities of female sexual differentiation and development Structural anomalies Exposure to diethylstilbestrol Congenital adrenal hyperplasia Turner syndrome 28: Precocious puberty True or complete precocious puberty Incomplete isosexual precocity Iatrogenic sexual precocity Virilizing precocious puberty in girls Feminizing precocious puberty in boys 29: Delayed or absent puberty Constitutional pubertal delay Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism 30: Primary amenorrhea Etiologies of primary amenorrhea 31: Secondary amenorrhea 32: Hyperprolactinemia Regulation of prolactin secretion Physiologic hyperprolactinemia Pharmacologic hyperprolactinemia Pathologic hyperprolactinemia Galactorrhea 33: Sexual dysfunction Sexual desire disorders Erectile dysfunction (impotence) Premature ejaculation Retrograde ejaculation Dyspareunia Vaginismus 34: Infertility Oocyte abnormalities Female anatomic abnormalities Male factors Implantation abnormalities Other factors Evaluation and treatment of infertility 35: Multifetal pregnancy Biology of monozygotic twinning Etiology of dizygotic twins Pregnancy risks with multiple gestations 36: Spontaneous pregnancy loss Ectopic pregnancy Miscarriage Recurrent pregnancy loss Stillbirth 37: Labor abnormalities Preterm labor Potential mechanisms for preterm labor Pharmacologic interventions Postterm pregnancy Placental abnormalities Abnormal fetal lie and presentation 38: Pre-eclampsia Clinical spectrum of pre-eclampsia Potential mechanisms in pre-eclampsia pathogenesis 39: Benign and malignant diseases of the breast Common benign breast diseases Breast cancer Epidemiology of breast cancer Familial breast cancer Molecular biology of sporadic (nonfamilial) breast cancer 40: Testicular tumors Epidemiology of GCT Molecular biology of GCT 41: Diseases of the prostate Benign prostatic hyperplasia Epidemiology and symptoms Pathogenesis Treatment of BPH and LUTS Prostate cancer Epidemiology Pathogenesis Treatment 42: Ovarian neoplasms Benign neoplasms of the ovary Ovarian cancers Epidemiology of epithelial ovarian cancer Familial ovarian cancer Pathogenesis of nonfamilial epithelial ovarian cancer Other ovarian malignancies 43: Endometrial cancer Epidemiology of endometrial cancer Steroid hormones and endometrial cancer Molecular biology of endometrial cancer Endometrial hyperplasia 44: Cervical cancer Epidemiology of cervical cancer Pathogenesis of squamous cell neoplasia of the cervix Screening tests for cervical cancer Prophylactic HPV vaccination Cervical adenocarcinoma 45: Genetic imprinting and reproductive tract tumors Imprinting Gestational trophoblastic disease Complete hydatidiform mole Partial hydatidiform mole Persistent and metastatic gestational trophoblastic disease Dermoid tumors GCTs of the testis 46: Sexually transmitted diseases of bacterial origin Gonorrhea Epidemiology of gonorrhea Biology of N. gonorrhoeae Chlamydia Epidemiology of chlamydial infection Biology of chlamydia 47: Sexually transmitted diseases of viral origin Human papillomavirus Epidemiology of HPV Biology of human papillomaviruses Herpes simplex virus Epidemiology of genital HSV infection Biology of HSV HSV in pregnancy and the neonate 48: The special cases of syphilis and human immunodeficiency virus Syphilis Natural history of untreated syphilis Epidemiology of syphilis Biology of T. pallidum Human immunodeficiency virus Natural history of untreated HIV infections Epidemiology of HIV infections Biology of HIV Index