Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research

Description

Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research, Second Edition presents a catalog of fundamental information on the structure and function of hormones from basic biology to clinical use, offering a rapid way to obtain specific facts about the chemical and molecular characteristics of hormones, their receptors, signaling pathways, and the biological activities they regulate. The book's stellar editorial board, affiliated with the Japan Society for Comparative Endocrinology, brings together authors that present a compelling structure of each hormone with a consistent presentation that provides a primer surrounding the plethora of hormones that now exist. Comparative endocrinology continues to rapidly expand and new information about hormones is being produced almost daily, making it important to stay up-to-date. Hormone, paracrine, and autocrine factors have been identified as key players in a range of different systems, including immune, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular. Frontiers between disciplines are being blurred and many scientists in fields other than endocrinology are interested in hormones. Scientists now have the unprecedented opportunity to look from invertebrates to vertebrate and identify novel regulatory factors and understand their function and how they determine an organism’s physiology and survival. 9780128206508_WEB01 Front Cover Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research Copyright List of editors Volume 1 Contents Volume 2 Contents Contributors Preface to first edition Preface to the second edition Abbreviations Chapter 1: Evolution and diversity of animals Introduction Metazoa Protostomia Deuterostomia Evolution of hormones and their receptors References Part I: Peptides and proteins in vertebrates Chapter 2: Molecular evolution of peptide and protein hormones in vertebrates Introduction Sequence homology and protein families Orthology Synteny Omics solutions References Section I.1: Neuropeptides Chapter 3: RFamide peptide family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 3A: Gonadotropin-inhibitory hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 3B: Kisspeptin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 3C: PQRFamide peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 3D: Pyroglutamylated RFamide peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 3E: Prolactin-releasing peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 4: Corticotropin-releasing hormone family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 4A: Corticotropin-releasing hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 4B: Urotensin I Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 4C: Urocortins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 4D: Sauvagine Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 5: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 5.1) Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 6: Thyrotropin-releasing hormone Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 6.2) Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 7: Somatostatin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype, signal transduction pathway, agonist, and antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 8: Neurohypophysial hormone family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 8A: Vasopressin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 8B: Vasotocin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 8C: Oxytocin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 8D: Nonmammalian OT-family peptides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 9: Opioid peptide family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Heteromer-directed signal specificity Desensitization and signaling by arrestin Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 9A: Enkephalin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 9B: Dynorphin/a-neo-endorphin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications References Subchapter 9C: Nociceptin/orphanin FQ Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 9D: Endomorphin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications References Subchapter 9E: Dermorphin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications References Chapter 10: Agouti family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 10A: Agouti-signaling protein Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 10B: Agouti-related protein Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 11: Tachykinin family History Structure Structural features and primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 11A: Substance P/neurokinin A Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 11B: Neurokinin B Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 12: Appetite-regulating peptides History Structures and receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 12A: Melanin-concentrating hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 12B: Orexin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 12C: Cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 13: Urotensin II Discovery Structure Primary structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 14: Neurotensin Discovery Structure Primary structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 15: Neuromedin U/S Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue content Regulation of synthesis Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotypes in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 16: Neuropeptide S Discovery Structure Primary structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 17: Neuropeptide W Discovery Structure Primary structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 18: Neuroendocrine regulatory peptides Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulations of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissue and function Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications References Chapter 19: Neurosecretory protein GL/neurosecretory protein GM Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Agonist Biological functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 20: Nesfatin-1 Discovery Structure Primary structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 21: Mexneurin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Structure and subtype, signal transduction pathway, agonist, and antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Reference Chapter 22: Phoenixin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype, signal transduction pathway, agonist, and antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 22.1) Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications References Section I-2: Adenohypophyseal hormones Chapter 23: Glycoprotein hormone family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 23A: Follicle-stimulating hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 23B: Luteinizing hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 23C: Thyroid-stimulating hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 24: Growth hormone/prolactin family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 24A: Growth hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 24B: Prolactin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals (PRL1) Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 24C: Somatolactin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 25: Proopiomelanocortin family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtype Interaction with of melanocortin-2 receptor accessory protein (MRAP) Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 25A: Adrenocorticotropic hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 25B: Melanocyte-stimulating hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 25C: Endorphin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Section I-3: Gastrointestinal hormones Chapter 26: Glucagon family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 26A: Glucagon Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 26B: Gastric inhibitory peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 26C: Glucagon-like peptide-1 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 26D: Glucagon-like peptide-2 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 27: Secretin/pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 27A: Secretin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 27B: Growth hormone-releasing hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 27C: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications References Subchapter 27D: Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide-related peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 27E: Vasoactive intestinal peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 27F: Peptide histidine isoleucine/methionine Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications References Chapter 28: Insulin family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 28A: Insulin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 28B: Insulin-like growth factor-1 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 28C: Insulin-like growth factor-2 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 28D: Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 28E: Relaxins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 29: Gastrin family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of gastrin family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathways Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 29A: Gastrin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 29B: Cholecystokinin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 29C: Caerulein Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 30: Ghrelin-motilin family History Structure Structural features Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 30A: Ghrelin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 30B: Motilin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 31: Bombesin-like peptide family History Structure Structural features Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 31A: Gastrin-releasing peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 31B: Neuromedin B Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 32: Guanylin family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 32A: Guanylin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Plasma concentration Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 32B: Uroguanylin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 33: Galanin peptide family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 33A: Galanin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 33B: Galanin-like peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 33C: Alarin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 34: Neuropeptide Y family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 34A: Pancreatic polypeptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 34B: Neuropeptide Y Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 34C: Peptide YY Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 35: Xenin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment References Section I.4: Parathyroid gland, ultimobranchial gland and stannius corpuscle hormones Chapter 36: Parathyroid hormone family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 36A: Parathyroid hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 36B: Parathyroid hormone-related protein Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 36C: Tuberoinfundibular peptide of 39 amino acids Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 37: Calcitonin/calcitonin gene-related peptide family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members and peptides Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 37A: Calcitonin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 37B: Calcitonin gene-related peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 37C: Calcitonin receptor-stimulating peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 37D: Adrenomedullin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 37E: Adrenomedullin 2 and 5 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 37F: Amylin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 38: Stanniocalcin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene and mRNA Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue content Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 38.1) Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Relationship to cancers Relationship to lipid metabolism Supplemental information available on companion website References Section I.5: Cytokines Chapter 39: Immunological modulators History Structures and biological functions References Subchapter 39A: Interleukins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 39B: Tumor necrosis factor Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 39C: Interferons Discovery Structure and synthesis Receptors and signaling pathways Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 40: Hematopoietic growth factors History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 40A: Erythropoietin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 40B: Thrombopoietin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 40C: Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 41: Neurotrophin family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 41A: Nerve growth factor Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 41B: Brain-derived neurotrophic factor Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 41C: Neurotrophin-3 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Section I.6: Other peripheral hormones Chapter 42: Renin-angiotensin system History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 42A: Renin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 42B: Angiotensin II Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 42C: Other angiotensins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 42D: Angiotensin converting enzyme Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 43: Kallikrein-kinin system History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 43A: Kininogen Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 43B: Kallikrein Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 43C: Bradykinin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 44: Apelin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 45: Elabela Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 45.1) Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 46: Natriuretic peptide family History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 46A: Atrial natriuretic peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 46B: B-type natriuretic peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 46C: C-type natriuretic peptides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 46D: Ventricular natriuretic peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 47: Gonadal hormones History Structures and biological functions References Subchapter 47A: Inhibin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 47B: Activin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 47C: Follistatin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 47D: Anti-Müllerian hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 48: Adipocyte hormones History Structure Structural features Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 48A: Leptin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 48B: Adiponectin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 48C: Acylation stimulating protein Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 48D: Resistin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 49: Endothelins Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursors Tissue distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 50: Irisin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 51: Osteopontin Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 51.1) Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 52: Osteocrin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Synthesis and release Gene and mRNA Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 53: Hepcidin antimicrobial peptide Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 54: Adropin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Agonist Biological functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications References Chapter 55: Lipocalin-2 Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis release Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 55.1) Pathophysiological implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Back Cover 9780128206508_WEB02 Front Cover Handbook of Hormones: Comparative Endocrinology for Basic and Clinical Research Copyright List of editors Volume 1 Contents Volume 2 Contents Contributors Preface to first edition Preface to the second edition Abbreviations Part II: Peptides and proteins in invertebrates Chapter 56: Molecular evolution of peptide and protein hormones in invertebrates Introduction Diversity of invertebrate studies Identification of neuropeptides and their receptors Occurrence of neuropeptides and their receptors Comparative gap between structure and functions Overview of invertebrate endocrine control References Section II.1: Neuropeptides related to vertebrate hormones Chapter 57: Gonadotropin-releasing hormone-like peptide family History Structure Structural features and primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 57A: Protochordate gonadotropin-releasing hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 57B: Molluscan gonadotropin-releasing hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 57C: Echinoderm gonadotropin-releasing hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 58: Corticotropin-releasing factor-like peptide Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells and functions References Chapter 59: Oxytocin/vasopressin superfamily History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptor Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 59A: Lys-conopressin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 59B: Cephalotocin/octopressin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 59C: Annetocin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 59D: Inotocin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 59E: Nematocin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 59F: Ci vasopressin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 60: Neuropeptide F Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells and function Phenotype in gene-modified animals References Chapter 61: Short neuropeptide F Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals References Chapter 62: RYamide Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells and function References Chapter 63: Invertebrate tachykinin-like peptide family History Structure Structural features and primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 63A: Protochordata tachykinin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 63B: Invertebrate tachykinin-related peptide family Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 64: Insulin superfamily History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 64A: Insect insulin-like peptides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 64B: Insect insulin-like growth factor-like peptides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 64C: Molluscan insulin-related peptides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 64D: Androgenic gland hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 64E: Relaxin-like gonad-stimulating peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 65: Sulfakinin Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells and function Phenotype in gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 66: Cionin: Ciona intestinalis cholecystokinin Discovery Structure Structural features and primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Chapter 67: Ci-galanin-like peptide Discovery Structure Structural features and primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Chapter 68: Allatostatin-C Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of peptide Tissue content Receptor Structure Biological function Target cells/tissues and functions Structure-activity References Chapter 69: Allatostatin-CC Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA and peptide Receptor and biological functions References Chapter 70: Allatostatin-CCC Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Synthesis and release Tissue distribution of mRNA and peptide Receptor and biological functions References Chapter 71: Calcitonin-like diuretic peptide Discovery Structure Structural features Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells and function References Chapter 72: Ciona intestinalis calcitonin Discovery Structure Primary structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype: Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Chapter 73: Amphioxus calcitonin family peptide Discovery Structure Structural features and primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 74: Echinoderm calcitonin-type peptide Discovery Structure Structural features Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 75: FXPRLamide peptide family History Structure Structural features Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 75A: Diapause hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 75B: Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subchapter 75C: Pyrokinin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals References Chapter 76: Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone Molt-inhibiting hormone Vitellogenesis-inhibiting hormone Mandibular organ-inhibiting hormone References Chapter 77: Ion transport peptide Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 78: Prothoracicotropic hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptor Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 79: Bursicon Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Hemolymph and tissue concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells and function Phenotype in gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 80: Allatotropin Discovery Structure Structural features Primary structure Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of the mRNA and peptide Tissue content Receptor Structure Signal transduction pathway Biological function Target cells/tissues and functions References Chapter 81: Allatostatin-A Discovery Structure Structural features and primary structure Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA and peptide Tissue content Receptor Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological function Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 82: Adipokinetic hormone Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells and function Phenotype in gene-modified animals Interaction with other endocrine regulators References Chapter 83: Adipokinetic hormone/corazonin-related peptide Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtypes Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells and function Phenotype in gene-modified animals References Chapter 84: Neuroparsin Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 85: Ovary maturating parsin Discovery Structure Structural features Structure and subtype Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Section II.2: Invertebrate-unique peptides Subsection II.2.2: Regulation of myo/cardio-activities Chapter 86: LF peptides History Structure Distribution of LF peptides Biological functions References Subchapter 86A: Head activator Subchapter 86B: Hym-323 Subchapter 86C: Ciona LF peptide Chapter 87: Invertebrate kinins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 88: FMRFamides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 89: Myoinhibiting peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptor Biological function Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 90: Myosuppressin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 91: Proctolin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 92: Orcokinins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 93: Crustacean cardioactive peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 94: Cardioacceleratory peptide 2b/CAPA Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 95: Achatina cardio-excitatory peptide-1 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Tissue content Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 96: Fulicins Discovery Structure Biological functions Gene, mRNA, and precursor References Chapter 97: Buccalins Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 98: Eisenia inhibitory pentapeptides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions References Chapter 99: GGNG peptides Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subsection II.2.3: Regulation of behaviors Chapter 100: Eclosion hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 101: Ecdysis triggering hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 102: Sex peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 103: APWGamide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 104: SIFamide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 105: Egg-laying hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Subsection II.2.4: Other hormones and neuropeptides Chapter 106: Growth blocking peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 107: CCHamide Discovery Structure Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Distribution of mRNA Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 108: Corazonin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 109: Pigment dispersing hormone Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 110: GLWamide Discovery Structure Biological functions References Chapter 111: Hym-176 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions References Chapter 112: Hym-301 Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions References Chapter 113: Leech osmoregulatory factor Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 114: Ciona YFV/L peptide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 115: CNMamide Discovery Structure Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Biological functions References Chapter 116: Natalisin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 117: Elevenin Discovery Structure Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 118: Glycoprotein hormone subunit A2/B5 Discovery Structure Structure and subtype Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 119: Trissin Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Chapter 120: EFLamide Discovery Structure Synthesis and release Receptors Biological functions References Part III: Lipophilic hormones in vertebrates Chapter 121: Thyroid hormones History Structure Structural features Iodotyrosines and iodothyronines in organisms Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathways Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 121A: 3,3,5-Triiodothyronine Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Synthesis Gene and mRNA Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathways Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 121B: Thyroxine Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Synthesis Gene and mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathways Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 121C: Thyronamines Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Biosynthesis and metabolism Tissue distribution Tissue content Plasma concentration (fmol/mL) Receptors Possible candidates Signal transduction pathways Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 122: Gonadal steroids History Functions Synthetic mechanisms Quantification method Receptors Phenotype of receptor gene disrupted animals References Subchapter 122A: Progesterone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Plasma concentration (ng/mL (nmol/L)) Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 122B: 17,20ß-Dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Plasma concentration (ng/mL) Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 122B.1) Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 122C: 17,20ß,21-Trihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions (Table 122C.1) Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 122D: Dehydroepiandrosterone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment References Subchapter 122E: Testosterone/dihydrotestosterone Discovery Structure of testosterone Structural features Properties Structure of DHT Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Plasma concentration (ng/mL) Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Agonists Antagonists 5α-Reductase inhibitor Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 122F: 11-Ketotestosterone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Plasma concentration (ng/mL) Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 122G: Estradiol-17ß Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Plasma concentration (Table 122G.1) Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 122H: Estrone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Plasma concentration (pg/mL (pmol/L)) Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment References Chapter 123: Corticosteroids History Structure and biosynthesis Structural features and biosynthetic pathways Corticosteroid receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 123A: Corticosterone Discovery Structure Structural feature Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Blood concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Biological functions Physiological actions Mechanisms of actions Pharmacological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 123B: 18-Hydroxycorticosterone Discovery Structure Structural features Property Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Biological functions Physiological actions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implication Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 123C: 1a-Hydroxycorticosterone Discovery Structure Structural feature Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Regulation of synthesis and release Tissue and plasma concentration Biological functions Physiological actions Mechanisms of actions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 123D: Cortisol Discovery Structure Structural feature Property Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue and plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Biological functions Physiological actions Mechanisms of actions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 123E: Aldosterone Discovery Structure Structural features Property Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue and plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Biological functions Physiological actions Mechanisms of actions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 124: Neurosteroids History Structure and biosynthesis Structural features and biosynthetic pathways Molecular evolution of family members Neurosteroidogenic cells Regulation of biosynthesis Receptors Structure and subtypes Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 124A: Pregnenolone sulfate Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 124B: 7a-Hydroxypregnenolone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 124C: Allopregnanolone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Distribution of mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 125: Vitamin D derivatives History Structure Structural features Evolutional aspects of vitamin D Receptors Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 125A: Calcitriol Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Metabolism Gene and mRNA Regulation Plasma concentration Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological function Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 125B: Cholecalciferol Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Metabolism Gene and mRNA Distribution of mRNA Regulation Plasma concentration Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological function Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Part IV: Lipophilic hormones in invertebrates Chapter 126: Ecdysteroid History Structure Structural features Molecular evolution of family members Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 126A: 20-Hydroxyecdysone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis Regulation of release Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Chapter 127: Juvenile hormone Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis, release, and degradation Biosynthetic pathway Regulation of synthesis and release Catabolism and transport Receptors Structure Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 128: Methyl farnesoate Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Biosynthetic pathway Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Supplemental information available on companion website References Part V: Endocrine disrupting chemicals Chapter 129: Endocrine disruptors History Biological functions Receptors and structures References Subchapter 129A: Nonylphenol Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Production Application Biological and pathophysiological implications Background Effects on mammals Environment Results of the OECD test guideline 240 (MEOGRT) Safety standards and regulatory compliance References Subchapter 129B: Octylphenol Structure Structural features Properties Production Application Biological and pathophysiological implications Background Estrogenic activities Effects on fish References Subchapter 129C: Bisphenol A Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Production Applications Biological and pathophysiological implications Background and estrogenic effects Low-dose effects Obesity Other hormonal effects National toxicology program in the United States Safety standards and regulatory compliance References Subchapter 129D: Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Production Applications Biological and pathophysiological implications Health and environmental hazards Persistent organic pollutants Hormone activities Carcinogenicity Safety standards and regulatory compliance Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 129E: 17a-Ethinylestradiol Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Production Application Biological and pathophysiological implications Estrogenic activity Effects on aquatic animals References Subchapter 129F: Equilin Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Production Biological and Pathophysiological Implications Application Environmental estrogen Estrogenic activity Other effects References Subchapter 129G: 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated biphenyls Discovery Structure of TCDD Structural features Properties Production Structure of PCBs Structural features Properties Production Biological and pathophysiological implications Applications Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Health and environmental hazards (Table 129G.1) Hormonal effects Species differences Safety standards and regulatory compliance References Subchapter 129H: 1,1-Dichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethylene Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Tissue and plasma concentrations Receptors and biological functions Structure and subtype Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 129I: Vinclozolin Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 129J: Polybrominated diphenyl ether Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Tissue and plasma concentrations Receptors Structure and subtype Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Chapter 130: Antithyroid hormone active chemicals History Hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis Structure Biological functions and pathophysiological implications Human studies Experimental animal studies Wildlife studies Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 130A: Tetrabromobisphenol A Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Usage The annual consumption Synthesis and release Origins of environment and biota TBBPA Bioaccumulation Excretion (half-life) Biological and pathophysiological implications Action mechanisms In vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of thyroid system disruption activity of TBBPA11 Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 130B: Perchlorate Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Usage The annual consumption Synthesis and release Origins of environmental perchlorates Environmental levels Exposure routes Biodegradations Reference dose (RfD) Biological and pathophysiological implications Targets of perchlorates Health effects on the thyroid system In vitro and in vivo assays for the detection of perchlorate or other chemicals that target NIS Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Part VI: Amines and amino acids Chapter 131: Amines History Structure Structural features Properties Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 131A: Dopamine Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtypes Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 131B: Noradrenaline/adrenaline Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 131C: Octopamine Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 131D: Serotonin Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 131E: Melatonin Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 131F: Histamine Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution of mRNA Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 132: Amino acids History Structure Structural features Selenocysteine d-Amino acids Properties Biological functions Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 132A: Glutamic acid Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 132B: .-Aminobutyric acid Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 132C: Glycine Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Chapter 133: Acetylcholine Discovery Structure Structural features Properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue distribution Plasma concentration Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Part VII: Gasotransmitters Chapter 134: Gasotransmitter family History Structure Structural features Receptors Structure and signal transduction pathways Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions References Subchapter 134A: Nitric oxide Discovery Structure Primary structure, structural features, and properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications and use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 134B: Carbon monoxide Discovery Structure Primary structure, structural features, and properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and precursor Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Structure and subtype Signal transduction pathway Agonists Antagonists Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype in gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications and use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Subchapter 134C: Hydrogen sulfide Discovery Structure Primary structure, structural features, and properties Synthesis and release Gene, mRNA, and protein Distribution of protein and mRNA Tissue and plasma concentrations Regulation of synthesis and release Receptors Signal transduction pathway Agonist Antagonist Biological functions Target cells/tissues and functions Phenotype of gene-modified animals Pathophysiological implications Clinical implications Use for diagnosis and treatment Supplemental information available on companion website References Index Back Cover