Psychological Testing and Assessment

Description

Psychological Testing and Assessment: An Introduction to Tests and Measurements, 10th edition, is a measurement textbook that provides a sound grounding in psychometrics using a logical organization and pedagogical aids. The book is scholarly and authoritative while having a "hands-on" feel due to the authors' experience administering, scoring, and interpreting tests in various contexts. The content brings a human face to testing and assessments while balancing breadth and depth of coverage. Cover Title Copyright Contents Preface PART I: An Overview 1 Psychological Testing and Assessment TESTING AND ASSESSMENT Psychological Testing and Assessment Defined THE TOOLS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT The Test The Interview The Portfolio Case History Data Behavioral Observation Role-Play Tests Computers as Tools Other Tools WHO, WHAT, WHY, HOW, AND WHERE? Who Are the Parties? In What Types of Settings Are Assessments Conducted, and Why? How Are Assessments Conducted? Where to Go for Authoritative Information: Reference Sources CLOSE-UP Behavioral Assessment Using Smartphones MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Alan Ogle EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Everyday Accommodations SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 2 Historical, Cultural, and Legal/Ethical Considerations A HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE Antiquity to the Nineteenth Century The Twentieth Century CULTURE AND ASSESSMENT Evolving Interest in Culture-Related Issues Some Issues Regarding Culture and Assessment Tests and Group Membership LEGAL AND ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS The Concerns of the Public The Concerns of the Profession The Rights of Testtakers CLOSE-UP The Controversial Career of Henry Herbert Goddard MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Neil Krishan Aggarwal EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Life-or-Death Psychological Assessment SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES PART II: The Science of Psychological Measurement 3 A Statistics Refresher SCALES OF MEASUREMENT Nominal Scales Ordinal Scales Interval Scales Ratio Scales Measurement Scales in Psychology DESCRIBING DATA Frequency Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Variability Skewness Kurtosis THE NORMAL CURVE The Area Under the Normal Curve STANDARD SCORES z Scores T Scores Other Standard Scores CORRELATION AND INFERENCE The Concept of Correlation The Pearson r The Spearman Rho Graphic Representations of Correlation Meta-Analysis EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Consumer (of Graphed Data), Beware! CLOSE-UP The Normal Curve and Psychological Tests MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Joni L. Mihura SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 4 Of Tests and Testing SOME ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING AND ASSESSMENT Assumption 1: Psychological Traits and States Exist Assumption 2: Psychological Traits and States Can Be Quantified and Measured Assumption 3: Test-Related Behavior Predicts Non-Test-Related Behavior Assumption 4: All Tests Have Limits and Imperfections Assumption 5: Various Sources of Error Are Part of the Assessment Process Assumption 6: Unfair and Biased Assessment Procedures Can Be Identified and Reformed Assumption 7: Testing and Assessment Offer Powerful Benefits to Society WHAT'S A "GOOD TEST"? Reliability Validity Other Considerations NORMS Sampling to Develop Norms Types of Norms Fixed Reference Group Scoring Systems Norm-Referenced versus Criterion-Referenced Evaluation Culture and Inference EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Putting Tests to the Test CLOSE-UP How "Standard" Is Standard in Measurement? MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Steve Julius and Dr. Howard W. Atlas SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 5 Reliability MEASUREMENT ERROR TRUE SCORES VERSUS CONSTRUCT SCORES THE CONCEPT OF RELIABILITY Sources of Error Variance RELIABILITY ESTIMATES Test-Retest Reliability Estimates Parallel-Forms and Alternate-Forms Reliability Estimates Split-Half Reliability Estimates Other Methods of Estimating Internal Consistency Measures of Inter-Scorer Reliability USING AND INTERPRETING A COEFFICIENT OF RELIABILITY The Purpose of the Reliability Coefficient The Nature of the Test The True Score Model of Measurement and Alternatives to It RELIABILITY AND INDIVIDUAL SCORES The Standard Error of Measurement The Standard Error of the Difference Between Two Scores CLOSE-UP Psychology's Replicability Crisis EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Importance of the Method Used for Estimating Reliability MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Bryce B. Reeve SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 6 Validity THE CONCEPT OF VALIDITY Face Validity Content Validity CRITERION-RELATED VALIDITY What Is a Criterion? Concurrent Validity Predictive Validity CONSTRUCT VALIDITY Evidence of Construct Validity VALIDITY, BIAS, AND FAIRNESS Test Bias Test Fairness MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Adam Shoemaker CLOSE-UP The Preliminary Validation of a Measure of Individual Differences in Constructive versus Unconstructive Worry EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Adjustment of Test Scores by Group Membership: Fairness in Testing or Foul Play? SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 7 Utility WHAT IS TEST UTILITY? Factors That Affect a Test's Utility UTILITY ANALYSIS What Is a Utility Analysis? How Is a Utility Analysis Conducted? Some Practical Considerations METHODS FOR SETTING CUT SCORES The Angoff Method The Known Groups Method IRT-Based Methods Other Methods MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Delphine Courvoisier CLOSE-UP Utility Analysis: An Illustration EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Utility of Police Use of Body Cameras SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 8 Test Development TEST CONCEPTUALIZATION Some Preliminary Questions Pilot Work TEST CONSTRUCTION Scaling Writing Items Scoring Items TEST TRYOUT What Is a Good Item? ITEM ANALYSIS The Item-Difficulty Index The Item-Reliability Index The Item-Validity Index The Item-Discrimination Index Item-Characteristic Curves Other Considerations in Item Analysis Qualitative Item Analysis TEST REVISION Test Revision as a Stage in New Test Development Test Revision in the Life Cycle of an Existing Test The Use of IRT in Building and Revising Tests INSTRUCTOR-MADE TESTS FOR IN-CLASS USE Addressing Concerns About Classroom Tests CLOSE-UP Creating and Validating a Test of Asexuality MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Scott Birkeland EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Adapting Tools of Assessment for Use with Specific Cultural Groups SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES PART III: The Assessment of Intelligence 9 Intelligence and Its Measurement WHAT IS INTELLIGENCE? Perspectives on Intelligence MEASURING INTELLIGENCE Some Tasks Used to Measure Intelligence Some Tests Used to Measure Intelligence ISSUES IN THE ASSESSMENT OF INTELLIGENCE Culture and Measured Intelligence The Flynn Effect The Construct Validity of Tests of Intelligence A PERSPECTIVE CLOSE-UP Factor Analysis MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rebecca Anderson EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Armed Services Vocational Aptitude Battery (ASVAB): A Test You Can Take SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 10 Assessment for Education THE ROLE OF TESTING AND ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATION THE CASE FOR AND AGAINST EDUCATIONAL TESTING IN THE SCHOOLS THE COMMON CORE STATE STANDARDS Response to Intervention (RtI) Dynamic Assessment ACHIEVEMENT TESTS Measures of General Achievement Measures of Achievement in Specific Subject Areas APTITUDE TESTS The Preschool Level The Elementary-School Level The Secondary-School Level The College Level and Beyond DIAGNOSTIC TESTS Reading Tests Math Tests PSYCHOEDUCATIONAL TEST BATTERIES The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, Second Edition Normative Update (KABC-II NU) The Woodcock-Johnson IV (WJ IV) OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT IN EDUCATIONAL SETTINGS Performance, Portfolio, and Authentic Assessment Peer Appraisal Techniques Measuring Study Habits, Interests, and Attitudes EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Common Core Controversy MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Eliane Keyes, M.A. CLOSE-UP Educational Assessment: An Eastern Perspective SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES PART IV: The Assessment of Personality 11 Personality Assessment: An Overview PERSONALITY AND PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT Personality Personality Assessment Traits, Types, and States PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT: SOME BASIC QUESTIONS Who? What? Where? How? DEVELOPING INSTRUMENTS TO ASSESS PERSONALITY Logic and Reason Theory Data Reduction Methods Criterion Groups PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT AND CULTURE Acculturation and Related Considerations CLOSE-UP The Personality of Gorillas EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Some Common Item Formats MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Rick Malone SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 12 Personality Assessment Methods OBJECTIVE METHODS How Objective Are Objective Methods of Personality Assessment? PROJECTIVE METHODS Inkblots as Projective Stimuli Pictures as Projective Stimuli Words as Projective Stimuli Sounds as Projective Stimuli The Production of Figure Drawings Projective Methods in Perspective BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT METHODS The Who, What, When, Where, Why, and How of It Varieties of Behavioral Assessment Issues in Behavioral Assessment A PERSPECTIVE MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Monica Webb Hooper EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Confessions of a Behavior Rater CLOSE- UP General (g) and Specific (s) Factors in the Diagnosis of Personality Disorders SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES PART V: Testing and Assessment in Action 13 Clinical and Counseling Assessment AN OVERVIEW The Diagnosis of Mental Disorders The Interview in Clinical Assessment Case History Data Psychological Tests CULTURALLY INFORMED PSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT Cultural Aspects of the Interview SPECIAL APPLICATIONS OF CLINICAL MEASURES The Assessment of Addiction and Substance Abuse Forensic Psychological Assessment Diagnosis and evaluation of emotional injury Profiling Custody Evaluations CHILD ABUSE AND NEGLECT Elder Abuse and Neglect Suicide Assessment THE PSYCHOLOGICAL REPORT The Barnum Effect Clinical Versus Mechanical Prediction MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Stephen Finn CLOSE-UP PTSD in Returning Veterans and Military Culture EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Measuring Financial Competency SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 14 Neuropsychological Assessment THE NERVOUS SYSTEM AND BEHAVIOR Neurological Damage and the Concept of Organicity THE NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL EVALUATION When a Neuropsychological Evaluation Is Indicated General Elements of a Neuropsychological Evaluation The Physical Examination NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS Tests of General Intellectual Ability Tests to Measure the Ability to Abstract Tests of Executive Function Tests of Perceptual, Motor, and Perceptual-Motor Function Tests of Verbal Functioning Tests of Memory Neuropsychological Test Batteries OTHER TOOLS OF NEUROPSYCHOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Jeanne P. Ryan EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS Medical Diagnostic Aids and Neuropsychological Assessment CLOSE-UP A Typical In-Office Dementia Evaluation SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES 15 Assessment, Careers, and Business CAREER CHOICE AND CAREER TRANSITION The Structure of Vocational Interests Measures of Interest Measures of Ability and Aptitude Measures of Personality Other Measures SCREENING, SELECTION, CLASSIFICATION, AND PLACEMENT The Résumé and the Letter of Application The Application Form Letters of Recommendation Interviews Portfolio Assessment Performance Tests Physical Tests COGNITIVE ABILITY, PRODUCTIVITY, AND MOTIVATION MEASURES Measures of Cognitive Ability Productivity Motivation JOB SATISFACTION, ORGANIZATIONAL COMMITMENT, AND ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE Job Satisfaction Organizational Commitment Organizational Culture OTHER TOOLS OF ASSESSMENT FOR BUSINESS APPLICATIONS Consumer Psychology The Measurement of Attitudes Surveys Motivation Research Methods MEET AN ASSESSMENT PROFESSIONAL Meet Dr. Jed Yalof EVERYDAY PSYCHOMETRICS The Selection of Personnel for the Office of Strategic Services (OSS): Assessment and Psychometrics in Action SELF-ASSESSMENT REFERENCES Name Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Glossary/Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z Timeline