Gender and Number Agreement in Arabic
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This book offers a comprehensive survey of the agreement phenomena found in written and spoken Arabic. It focuses on both the synchronic description of these agreement systems, and the diachronic question of how they evolved. To answer these questions, large amounts of data have been collected and analysed, ranging from 6th century poetry and Quranic Arabic to the contemporary dialects. The results presented by the authors of this research greatly improve our understanding of Arabic syntax, and challenge some well-established views. Can Arabic be envisioned as possessing more than only two genders? Are some contemporary dialects more similar to the pre-Classical version of the language than MSA is? And is the Standard rule prescribing feminine singular agreement with nonhuman plurals a more recent development than previously thought? Contents Acknowledgments Tables and Figures Note on Terminology and Transcriptions Introductory Note Chapter 1. Previous Studies on Agreement in Arabic 1.1. Agreement through Time: Arabic Old and New 1.2. Written Arabic 1.3. Spoken Arabic Chapter 2. Describing the Systems 2.1. Agreement from a Typological Perspective 2.2. Morphological Markers of Gender and Number in Arabic 2.2.1. Written Arabic 2.2.2. Gender-Distinguishing Varieties of Spoken Arabic 2.2.3. Non-distinguishing Varieties of Spoken Arabic 2.2.4. Divergent Inventories 2.3. The Spoken Dialects 2.3.1. Singular Agreement 2.3.2. Plural Agreement in Gender-Distinguishing Dialects: Sources 2.3.2.1. Morocco and Algeria 2.3.2.2. Tunisia 2.3.2.3. Libya 2.3.2.4. Egypt 2.3.2.5. Chad, Cameroon and Nigeria 2.3.2.6. Sudan 2.3.2.7. Palestine and Israel 2.3.2.8. Syria, Lebanon and Turkey 2.3.2.9. Jordan 2.3.2.10. Iraq 2.3.2.11. Saudi Arabia 2.3.2.12. Gulf States 2.3.2.13. Yemen 2.3.2.14. Oman 2.3.2.15. Iran 2.3.2.16. Uzbekistan 2.3.2.17. Summary 2.3.3. Plural Agreement in Gender-Distinguishing Dialects: A Corpus-Based Analysis 2.3.3.1. Our Corpus of Najdi Texts 2.3.3.2. Agreement with Human Controllers 2.3.3.3. Agreement with Nonhuman Controllers: Collective Controllers 2.3.3.4. Agreement with Nonhuman Controllers: Plural Controllers 2.3.4. Plural Agreement in Gender-Distinguishing Dialects: Description 2.3.4.1. Apophonic Plurals 2.3.4.2. Feminine Singular Agreement with Plural Controllers 2.3.5. Plural Agreement in Non-distinguishing Dialects: The Question of Complexity 2.3.6. Plural Agreement in Non-distinguishing Dialects: Sources 2.3.7. Plural Agreement in Non-distinguishing Dialects: Description 2.3.8. Divergent Systems 2.3.8.1. F.PL Adjectival Agreement in Non-distinguishing Dialects 2.3.8.2. Agreement in Ḥassāniyya 2.3.8.4. Dialects with Exceptional Morphosyntactic Behavior 2.3.9. The Effects of Word Order: Target-Controller Agreement 2.4. Pre-Classical Arabic: Pre-Islamic Poetry and the Quran 2.5. The Odd Ones Out: Classical and Modern Standard Arabic 2.6. Summary Chapter 3. A Diachronic Account of Agreement: Formal and Written Arabic 3.1. An Overview of Agreement in Central Semitic 3.2. Methodological Issues in the Selection of the Corpora 3.3. A Change in Progress? Resemanticization in Pre-Islamic Poetry 3.4. Down the Agreement Hierarchy (and a Few Pragmatic Detours): Evidence from the Quran 3.4.1. Collectives in the Quran: Two Possibilities of Semantic Agreement 3.5. Post-7th Century Poetry 3.6. The Dawn of Arabic Prose: Translated Syntax in Kalīla wa-Dimna 3.7. From [-Individuated] to [-Human]: The Reanalysis of Semantic Features in Classical Arabic 3.8. After the 10th Century: What Escaped Standardization 3.9. Nabaṭī Poetry: Poetic Register or Survival of the Old System? 3.10. Summary Chapter 4. The Approach of Traditional Grammar: An Attempt at Reconstruction 4.1. Scope of the Chapter 4.2. Early Arabic Grammar: From Sībawayh to al-Mubarrad 4.3. From 10th Century Grammars to Didactic Manuals: Further Developments 4.4. Between Tradition and Standardization: Arabic Grammar during the Nahḍa 4.5. Summary Chapter 5. A Diachronic Account of Agreement: Spoken Arabic 5.1. Feminine Singular Agreement with Plural Controllers: Modern Innovation or Ancient Retention? 5.2. The Loss of Feminine Plural Agreement 5.2.1. Internally Motivated Change: Phonological Erosion 5.2.2. Externally Motivated Change: Language Contact and the Question of Polygenesis 5.2.3. A Critical Reading of al-Sharkawi (2014): The Timescale of Loss 5.2.4. Agreement and the City: Urbanization as a Driver of Syntactic Change 5.2.5. After the Fall: Reorganizing the System 5.3. Summary Bibliography Index of Languages, Dialects, Tribes and Places General Index
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