Engaging the Other: ‘Japan’ and Its Alter Egos, 1550–1850

Description

In Engaging the Other: “Japan and Its Alter-Egos”, 1550-1850 Ronald P. Toby examines new discourses of identity and difference in early modern Japan, a discourse catalyzed by the “Iberian irruption”, the appearance of Portuguese and other new, radical others in the sixteenth century. The encounter with peoples and countries unimagined in earlier discourse provoked an identity crisis, a paradigm shift from a view of the world as comprising only “three countries” (sangoku), i.e., Japan, China and India, to a world of “myriad countries” (bankoku) and peoples. In order to understand the new radical alterities, the Japanese were forced to establish new parameters of difference from familiar, proximate others, i.e., China, Korea and Ryukyu. Toby examines their articulation in literature, visual and performing arts, law, and customs. Contents......Page 8 Acknowledgements......Page 12 A Word about Language......Page 20 Figures......Page 25 Introduction Between Engagement and Imagination......Page 32 Chapter 1 Interlude: A Pair of Parables ......Page 48 Chapter 2 Mapping the Margins: The Ragged Edges of State and Nation......Page 56 1 Mapping Japan......Page 58 2 Where Was Early-Modern “Japan?” ......Page 60 3 Reprise......Page 76 4 Taxonomic Boundaries......Page 79 5 Nishikawa Joken’s “Japan”......Page 80 6 Terajima Ryōan and the Wakan sansai zue......Page 83 7 Hayashi Shihei and the “Three Countries”......Page 86 8 Margins and Maps......Page 95 9 Coda......Page 98 Chapter 3 Imagining and Imaging “Anthropos” ......Page 105 1 Imaging Difference at Home......Page 109 2 Brave New World: The Panopticon of Peoples in the Myriad Realms......Page 110 3 The Encyclopedic Vision: Articulate Selves and Typed Others......Page 128 4 Toward a Visual Ethnography of a Myriad Lands......Page 133 Chapter 4 Indianizing Iberia/Performing Portugal: Responses to the Iberian Irruption ......Page 137 1 Implicit Others and Manifest Men of Inde......Page 140 2 Setting the Stage......Page 144 3 Alter Others: Koreans, Okinawans, and Chinese in the Japanese Text......Page 151 4 The Invasive Other: Fear of Foreigners and the Changing Iconographic Field ......Page 158 5 Performative Possibilities in the Age of Encounter......Page 159 6 Disengagement and Code-Switching......Page 169 Chapter 5 Parades of Difference/Parades of Power......Page 173 1 Parade Diplomacy......Page 174 2 Watching the Watchers: Intersecting Gazes in Procession and Parade......Page 175 3 Edo Culture as Parade......Page 177 4 Alien Parades......Page 178 5 The Internal Structure of an “Alien Parade”......Page 180 6 A Documentary Painting Is Not a Sketch......Page 181 7 Parade in Review......Page 185 8 How to Wrap a Parade......Page 189 9 Why Wrap an Alien?......Page 191 10 How to Watch a Diplomatic Parade......Page 193 11 “‘Festival Chinamen’ Are More Convincing ‘Chinamen’” ......Page 197 12 Parade-Watching as Festival......Page 199 13 The Spectator’s Condition......Page 204 14 The Well-Tempered Spectator......Page 206 15 Watching the Spectators......Page 211 16 Seeing and Showing......Page 218 17 Four Lines of Sight......Page 220 Chapter 6 The Birth of the Hairy Barbarian: Ethnic Slur as Cultural Marker......Page 221 1 Initial Encounters and Radical Others......Page 227 2 The First Hairy Barbarians......Page 235 3 With a Flick of the Razor......Page 239 4 Bearded Boundaries......Page 247 5 Coxinga’s Pate/Chinese Bodies/Tatar Hair......Page 252 6 Playing the Hairy Barbarian......Page 256 7 Envisioning Hair......Page 259 8 Tying Up Loose Ends......Page 280 Chapter 7 The Mountain That Needs No Interpreter: Mt. Fuji and the Foreign ......Page 283 1 National Symbols, Found and Made......Page 286 2 The Rise of Mt. Fuji......Page 289 3 On a Clear Day You Can See Forever: Mt. Fuji and the Ambit of the Gods ......Page 293 4 Universal Mt. Fuji as “Scientific” Truth......Page 300 5 Mt. Fuji’s Growing Reach......Page 304 6 If the Mountain Won’t Come …: Drawing the Other to Japan......Page 312 7 Preserve and Protect......Page 326 8 Kiyomasa Redux......Page 328 9 Conclusion......Page 343 Epilogue Antiphonals of Identity......Page 358 1 One Costume/Many Scripts......Page 365 2 Capturing “Korea”......Page 372 Bibliography......Page 380 Index......Page 418