Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese Pronunciation: The Mainstream Pronunciation of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese, From Sound Segments to Speech Melodies

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Preface Introduction Defining the Mainstream Registers of Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish: Specific Features Review Questions for the Introduction Answers to the Review Questions for the Introduction Acknowledgments Contents About the Author Chapter 1: Phonetics and Phonology: The Basics 1.1 Preliminaries 1.1.1 The Difference Between Phonetics and Phonology 1.2 How Linguistics Relates to Phonetics and Phonology 1.2.1 The Linguistic Sign 1.3 The Difference Between the Phoneme and the Allophone as the Performance of a Sound 1.4 Sound Diffusion 1.5 Sound Change 1.5.1 Reinforcement Question 1.5.2 Answer to Preceding Question in the Discussion Above 1.6 The Concepts of Neutralization, Archiphoneme, and Productiveness of Sounds Chapter 2: The Physics, Articulation, and Perception of Speech Sounds 2.1 Preliminaries: The Fundamentals of Speech Sounds 2.2 Period and Frequency: Simple Periodic Oscillations 2.3 Complex Periodic Oscillations 2.4 Temporal vs. Spectral Representations 2.5 Logarithmic Scale 2.6 The Three Areas of Phonetics 2.7 Articulatory Phonetics 2.7.1 The Static and Dynamic Views of Speech Production 2.7.2 The Articulation of Vowels 2.7.3 The Articulation of Consonants 2.8 Perception of Speech 2.8.1 Timbre 2.8.2 Pitch 2.8.3 The Binary Logarithm, log2 2.8.4 Intensity 2.8.4.1 Review of This Chapter: Articulatory Phonetics 2.8.4.2 Solutions to the Review Questions 2.9 Acoustics of Speech 2.9.1 Formants 2.9.1.1 Formants: Oral Vowels 2.9.1.2 Formants: Nasal and Nasalized Vowels Acoustic Characteristics of Nasal / Nasalized Sounds 2.9.1.3 Formants: Nasal Consonants 2.9.1.4 Formants: Semi-vowels and Liquids 2.9.1.5 Formants: General Remarks 2.9.2 Formant Transitions 2.9.3 Wrapping-Up 2.10 Sound Quality 2.11 Voice Onset Time 2.11.1 V.O.T.: Some Interesting Cross Language Interference 2.11.2 V.O.T.: A Note on Its Historical Background 2.11.2.1 Review of This Chapter: Acoustics of Speech Preliminary Problems 2.11.2.2 Solutions to the Problems in Acoustics of Speech Preliminary Problems Chapter 3: Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese: History and Regional Varieties 3.1 Preliminaries 3.2 The Prescriptive and Descriptive Views 3.3 On the Origins of Spanish and Portuguese 3.4 Portuguese and Spanish Split from Their Common Origins 3.5 Contemporary Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese: Basic Numbers and Language Varieties 3.5.1 Spanish 3.5.2 Brazilian Portuguese Chapter 4: Speech Prosody 4.1 Preliminaries 4.2 Intonation 4.3 Stress 4.3.1 The Assignment of Lexical Stress in Mainstream Brazilian Portuguese and Spanish 4.3.1.1 Preliminaries 4.3.1.2 Syllable Weight 4.3.1.3 How to Predict the Unpredictable 4.3.1.4 The Prosodic Word 4.3.1.5 Identification of Prosodic Stress 4.3.1.6 Paroxytones 4.3.1.7 Proparoxytones 4.3.1.8 Oxytones 4.3.2 The Orthographic Stress Marker 4.4 Rhythm 4.5 The Interaction of Intonation and Rhythm Chapter 5: The Sound Segments of MSp and MBP 5.1 Preliminaries 5.2 Orthographic vs. Phonemic vs. Phonetic Transcriptions 5.2.1 A Transcription Sample: Orthographic, Phonemic, and Phonetic 5.3 The Vowel Phonemes of MSp and MBP in Stressed and Unstressed Syllables 5.4 A Comparison of the Vowel Systems of MSp and MBP 5.5 A Note Regarding the Schwa 5.6 The Semi-Open Vowels /ε/ and // 5.7 Diphthongs and Diphthongization in Spanish and Portuguese 5.7.1 Diphthongs Having Both and in Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese 5.7.1.1 Preliminaries 5.7.1.2 Discussion 5.8 Spanish Stem-Changing Verbs and Their Portuguese Counterparts 5.9 Spanish Stem-Changing Nouns and Their Portuguese Counterparts 5.10 The Nasal(ized) Vowels of Brazilian Portuguese Chapter 6: Spanish and Portuguese Consonants 6.1 Preliminaries 6.2 Comparison of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese Consonants 6.2.1 The Rhotics 6.2.1.1 Aniceto dos Reis Gonçalves Vianna´s Essai de phonétique et de phonologie 6.2.1.2 Amadeu Amaral´s Description of the R-Caipira 6.3 Comparison of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese 6.4 Comparison of the MSp and with the MPP and 6.5 The MSp and MBP Fricatives 6.6 Resyllabification in MSp and MBP, and the Insertion of a Supporting Vowel in MBP 6.7 Common Phonological Processes in MBP: Vowel Raising, Palatalization of /t/ and /d/, Vocalization of /l/, and Sonorization ... 6.7.1 Preliminaries 6.7.2 Vowel Raising 6.7.2.1 Taking the Reverse Direction: Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese 6.7.3 Palatalization (and Aspiration) 6.7.3.1 Taking the Reverse Direction: Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese 6.7.4 Vocalization of /l/ 6.7.5 Sonorization of /s/, or S-Voicing in Portuguese 6.7.5.1 Taking the Reverse Direction: Speakers of Brazilian Portuguese 6.8 Final Remarks on the Contrasts of Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese Chapter 7: Speech Transcriptions: Spanish and Portuguese 7.1 Preliminaries 7.2 The Phonological Description of Spanish and Portuguese Semi-vowels 7.3 Glides vs. Semi-Vowels and Semi-Consonants 7.4 Speech Transcription: Reinforcement Practice 7.4.1 Moving on to Step-4: The Writing of Phonological Rules 7.5 Transcription Aid with Comments 7.5.1 Some of the Common MSp and MBP Phonological Rules 7.5.2 Partially to Totally Converging Rules of MSp and MBP 7.5.3 Vocalic Sounds of MSp and MBP 7.5.4 Consonantal Sounds of MSp and MBP 7.6 Basic MSp Rules 7.6.1 Reinforcement (Fortition) and Weakening (Lenition) Processes 7.7 The Basic MBP Rules 7.8 A Note on the MBP Rules: The Intervocalic Letter , and the and Letters 7.9 Mãos à obra! Mano a la obra! Hands-on! 7.9.1 A Transcription of a Caribbean Spanish Variety 7.9.2 A Transcription of MBP 7.10 Quick Reference Guide for the Transcriptions 7.10.1 List of Selected Abbreviations Based on the IPA 7.10.2 Some of the Common MSp and MBP Phonological Rules 7.10.3 Partially to Totally Converging Rules in Both MSp and MBP 7.10.3.1 Vocalic Sounds of MSp and MBP 7.10.3.2 Consonantal Sounds of MSp and MBP 7.10.4 Basic MSp Rules 7.10.5 Reinforcement (Fortition) and Weakening (Lenition) Processes 7.11 The Basic MBP Rules 7.12 Reinforcement Exercises Using the Preceding Information 7.12.1 Basic Preliminary Exercises 7.12.2 Basic Drills: Consulting the Sound Charts 7.12.3 Basic Drills: Transcriptions 7.12.4 Basic Drills: Phonological Rules 7.12.5 Moving On from the Preceding Exercises: Three-Step Transcriptions 7.13 Concluding Remarks Chapter 8: Speech Prosody and Speech Melodies 8.1 Preliminaries 8.2 Speech Prosody in a 12-Tone Scale 8.3 Speech Prosody in a 24-Tone Scale 8.4 Postface 8.5 A Pilot Experiment with Small Data 8.6 Prosodies-in-NOTATION: An Acoustical Platform for the Analysis of Sound Prosodies Appendix A: Chart of the International Phonetic Alphabet Appendix B1: The Vowels and Consonants of Mainstream Spanish and Brazilian Portuguese Appendix B2: Quick Reference for Transcriptions First Step: Orthographic Transcrition Second Step: Phonemic or Phonological Transcription Third Step: Phonetic Transcription Fourth Step: The Phonological Rules Some of the Common MSp Phonological Rules Some of the Common MBP Rules The MSp and MBP Diphthong Appendix C: Acordo Ortogrfico da Língua Portuguesa-1990 Anexo 1: Acordo Ortogrfico da Língua Portuguesa (1990) Base I Do Alfabeto E Dos Nomes Próprios Estrangeiros E Seus Derivados Base II Do H Inicial E Final Base III Da Homofonia De Certos Grafemas Consonânticos Base IV Das Sequências Consonânticas Base V Das Vogais Átonas Base VI Das Vogais Nasais Base VII Dos Ditongos Base VIII Da Acentuação Grfica Das Palavras Oxítonas Base IX Da Acentuação Grfica Das Palavras Paroxítonas Base X Da Acentuação Das Vogais Tónicas/Tônicas Grafadas I E U Das Palavras Oxítonas E Paroxítonas Base XI Da Acentuação Grfica Das Palavras Proparoxítonas Base XII Do Emprego Do Acento Grave Base XIII Da Supressão Dos Acentos Em Palavras Derivadas Base XIV Do Trema Base XV Do Hífen Em Compostos, Locuções E Encadeamentos Vocabulares Base XVI Do Hífen Nas Formações Por Prefixação, Recomposição E Sufixação Base XVII Do Hífen Na Ênclise, Na Tmese E Com O Verbo Haver Base XVIII Do Apóstrofo Base XIX Das Minúsculas E Maiúsculas Da Divisão Silbica Base XXI Das Assinaturas E Firmas Protocolo Modificativo ao Acordo Ortogrfico da Língua Portuguesa Appendix D: The Spanish Orthography Reform-1994 Exclusión de ch y ll del abecedario Glossary Bibliography Index