Inorganic Chemistry for the JEE Mains and Advanced

Description

Cover Contents Preface Chapter 1 : Structure of Atom 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Atomic Theory 1.3 Sub-Atomic Particles 1.3.1 Discovery of Electron 1.3.2 Charge on the Electron 1.3.3 Discovery of Proton 1.3.4 Discovery of Neutron 1.4 Atomic Models 1.4.1 Thomson Model of Atom 1.4.2 Rutherford’s Nuclear Model of Atom 1.5 Atomic Number 1.6 Developments Leading to the Bohr Model of Atom 1.6.1 Nature of Light and Electromagnetic Radiation 1.6.2 Quantum Theory of Radiation 1.6.3 Photoelectric Effect 1.6.4 Compton Effect 1.6.5 Dual Nature of ElectromagneticRadiations 1.6.6 Atomic Spectra 1.6.7 Types of Spectra 1.7 Bohr’s Model of the Atom 1.7.1 Bohr’s Theory of the Hydrogen Atom 1.7.2 Origin of Spectral Lines and the Hydrogen Spectrum 1.7.3 Limitations of the Bohr’s Model 1.8 Waves and Particles 1.8.1 Dual Nature of Matter 1.8.2 Heisenberg’s Uncertainty Principle 1.8.3 Significance of Uncertainty Principle 1.8.4 Quantum Mechanical Model of Atom 1.8.5 Schrödinger Wave Equation 1.8.6 The Meaning of Wave Function 1.9 Quantum Numbers 1.10 Shapes of Orbitals 1.10.1 Boundary Surface Diagrams 1.10.2 Energies of Orbitals 1.11 Filling of Orbitals 1.11.1 Electronic Configuration of Atoms 1.11.2 Relative Stabilities of Electronic Configurations Key Points Chapter 2 : Periodic Classification 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Lother Meyer’s Arrangement 2.3 Mendeleev’s Classification 2.3.1 Salient Features of Mendeleev’s Table 2.3.2 Advantages of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table 2.3.3 Defects of Mendeleev’s Periodic Table 2.4 Atomic Numbers: Moseley’s Periodic Law 2.4.1 Nomenclature of Elements with Atomic Number Above 100 2.5 The Long Form Periodic Table 2.5.1 Salient Features of Long form Periodic Table 2.5.2 Classification of Elements into s-, p-, dandf-block Elements 2.5.3 Classification of the Elements Based on Properties 2.5.4 Classification of Elements into Metals,Non-metals and Metalloids 2.6 Periodic Trends in Properties of Elements 2.6.1 Shielding or Screening Effect: (Effective Nuclear Charge) 2.6.2 Atomic Radii 2.6.3 Ionic Radii 2.6.4 Ionization Enthalpy 2.6.5 Electron Gain Enthalpy 2.6.6 Electronegativity 2.7 Periodicity of Valence 2.8 Periodicity of Chemical Properties 2.9 Diagonal Relationship Key Points Chapter 3 : Chemical Bonding 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Kossel–Lewis Theory 3.2.1 Lewis Dot Formulae 3.2.2 Writing Lewis Structures 3.2.3 Drawbacks of the Octet Theory 3.3 Formal Charge 3.4 Ionic Bond 3.4.1 Writing the Formulae of Ionic Compounds 3.4.2 Factors Favourable for the Formation of Ionic Bond 3.4.3 Covalent Character of Ionic Bonds 3.4.4 Crystal Lattice Energy 3.4.5 Born–Haber Cycle 3.4.6 Structure of Ionic Crystals 3.4.7 Characteristics of Ionic Compounds 3.4.8 Consequences of Lattice Energies 3.5 Covalent Bond 3.5.1 Characteristics of Covalent Compounds 3.5.2 Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) Theory 3.5.3 Writing the Structures of Molecules 3.5.4 Isoelectronic and Isostructural Species 3.5.6 Ligand Close Packing 3.6 Valence Bond Theory 3.6.1 Directional Nature of Covalent Bonds 3.6.2 Hybridization 3.6.3 Types of Hybridization 3.6.4 Hybridization Involving d-orbitals 3.6.5 Role of d-orbitals in Bonding 3.6.6 Bent’s Rule 3.6.7 Calculation of Per cent Character of Hybrid Orbitals 3.6.8 Orbitals Participating in Different Types of Hybridization 3.7 Molecular Orbital Theory 3.7.1 Linear Combination of Atomic Orbitals(LCAO ) Method 3.7.2 Limitations to Combination of Atomic Orbitals 3.7.3 Energy Level Diagram For Molecular Orbitals 3.7.4 Mixing of Orbitals 3.7.5 Bond Order 3.7.6 Significance of Bond Order 3.7.7 Homonuclear Diatomic Molecules 3.7.8 Heteronuclear Diatomic Molecules 3 .7.9 Isoelectronic Principle 3.8 Coordinate Bond or Dative Bond 3.8.1 Characteristics of Coordinate Compounds 3.9 Metallic Bond 3.9.1 Electron Sea Model 3.9.2 Valence Bond Theory 3.9.3 Band Theory 3.10 Resonance 3.10.1 Resonance Energy 3.10.2 Rules for Writing Resonance Structures 3.10.3 Examples of Resonance 3.11 Polar Molecules: Dipole Moment 3.11.1 Applications of Dipole moment 3.12 Hydrogen Bonding 3.12.1 Types of Hydrogen Bond 3.12.2 Influence of Hydrogen Bondingon the Properties 3.13 Bond Parameters 3.13.1 Bond Order 3.13.2 Bond Length 3.13.3 Bond Energy 3.13.4 Bond Angle 3.14 Non-Bonding Interactions between Molecules 3.14.1 Ion-dipole Interactions 3.14.2 Dipole-dipole Interactions 3.14.3 Ion-Induced Dipole Interactions 3.14.4 Instaneous Dipole-Induced Dipole interactions Key Points Practice Chapter 4 : Hydrogen and its Compounds 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Position of Hydrogen in the Periodic Table 4.3 Occurrence 4.4 Isotopes of Hydrogen 4.5 Types of Hydrogen 4.6 Preparation of Hydrogen 4.6.1 Physical Properties of Hydrogen 4.6.2 Chemical Properties of Hydrogen 4.6.3 Uses of Hydrogen 4.7 Hydrides 4.8 Water 4.8.1 Physical Properties of Water 4.8.2 Chemical Properties of Water 4.8.3 Structure of Water 4.9 Hard Water 4.9.1 Removal of Temporary Hardness 4.9.2 Removal of Permanent Hardness 4.9.3 Disadvantages of Hard Water 4.9.4 Measurement of Hardness of Water 4.10 Heavy Water 4.10.1 Occurrence 4.10.2 Preparation of Heavy Water 4.10.3 Physical Properties of Heavy Water 4.10.4 Chemical Properties of Heavy Water 4.10.5 Uses of Heavy Water 4.11 Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.1 Preparation of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.2 Concentration of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.3 Storage of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.4 Strength of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.5 Physical Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.6 Chemical Properties of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.7 Uses of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.8 Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide 4.11.9 Structure of Hydrogen Peroxide Key Points s-Block Elements Chapter 5 : Group-IA (1): Alkali Metals 5.1 s-Block Elements 5.2 Group-I: Alkali Metals 5.3 Occurrence 5.4 General Characteristics of Alkali Metals 5.4.1 Physical Properties 5.4.2 Chemical Properties 5.5 Principles of Extraction of Metals 5.6 Uses of Alkali Metals 5.7 Compounds of Alkali metals: Comparative Study 5.7.1 Hydrides 5.7.2 Nitrides 5.7.3 Oxides 5.7.4 Hydroxides 5.7.5 Halides 5.7.6 Compounds with Carbon 5.8 Salts of OXO-Acids 5.8.1 (a) Carbonates and Bicarbonates 5.8.2 Nitrates and Nitrites 5.8.3 Sulphates 5.9 Anomalous Properties of Lithium 5.10 Diagonal Relationship of Lithium with Magnesium 5.11 Compounds of Sodium 5.11.1 Sodium Hydroxide 5.11.2 Sodium Carbonate 5.11.3 Sodium Bicarbonate 5.11.4 Sodium Oxide 5.11.5 Sodium Peroxide 5.11.6 Sodium Nitrate 5.11.7 Sodium Nitrite 5.11.8 Sodium Chloride 5.11.9 Sodium Sulphate Na2SO4 · 10H2O 5.11.10 Sodium Ammonium Hydrogen Phosphate Na (NH4) HPO4 · 4H2O 5.11.11 Sodium Amide (Sodamide) NaNH2 5.11.13 Sodium Cyanide NaCN 5.12 Important Compounds of Potassium 5.12.1 Oxides of Potassium 5.12.2 Potassium Hydroxide 5.12.3 Potassium Carbonate 5.12.4 Potassium Iodide 5.13 Biological Importance of Sodium and Potassium Key Points Hints and Solutions Chapter 6 : Group-II A (2) Alkaline Earth Metals 6.1 Introduction 6.2 General Characteristics of Alkaline Earth Metals 6.3 Reactivity of Alkaline Earth Metals: Chemical Properties 6.4 Occurrence of Alkaline Earth Metals 6.5 Principles of Extraction of Alkaline Earth Metals 6.6 Compounds of Alkaline Earth Metals: A Comparative Study 6.6.1 Hydrides 6.6.2 Nitrides 6.6.3 Oxides 6.6.4 Hydroxides 6.6.5 Halides 6.6.6 Carbonates and Bicarbonates 6.6.7 Sulphates 6.6.8 Nitrates 6.6.9 Trends in the Solubilities and Thermal Stabilities of Compounds of Group-IIA Elements 6.7 Anomalous Behaviour of Beryllium 6.8 Diagonal Relationship Between Berylliun and Aluminium 6.9 Important Compounds of Magnesium 6.9.1 Magnesium Oxide 6.9.2 Magnesium Hydroxide 6.9.3 Magnesium Chloride MgCl2 · 6H2O 6.9.4 Magnesium Sulphate, MgSO4 . 7H2O Epsom Salt 6.9.5 Magnesium Carbonate, MgCO3 (Magnesite) 6.9.6 Magnesium Ammonium Phosphate Mg(NH4) PO4 · 6H2O 6.10 Important Compounds of Calcium 6.10.1 Calcium Oxide, CaO 6.10.2 Calcium Hydroxide Ca(OH)2 6.10.3 Calcium Chloride 6.10.4 Calcium Carbonate CaCO3 6.10.5 Calcium Sulphate CaSO4 . 2H2O 6.10.6 Plaster of Paris CaSO4 .1/2 H2O 6.10.7 Mortar 6.10.8 Cement 6.11 Biological Importance of Magnesium and Calcium Key Points p-Block Elements Chapter 7 : Group-IIIA (13) Boron Family 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Abundance 7.3 Occurrence 7.4 Electronic Configuration 7.5 Physical Properties 7.6 Reactivity of Group III A Elements 7.7 Compounds of Group III A (13)Elements: A Comparative Study 7.7.1 Hydrides 7.7.2 Oxides 7.7.3 Hydroxides 7.7.4 Halides 7.8 Anomalous Behaviour of Boron 7.8.1 Differences of Boron from Other Elements 7.8.2 Similarities between Boron and Aluminium 7.8.3 Dissimilarities of Boron and Aluminium 7.8.4 Resemblance between Boron and Silicon: Diagonal Relationship 7.9 Boron 7.10 Compounds of Boron 7.10.1 Boron Trioxide or Boric Oxide B2O3 7.10.2 Boric Acids 7.10.3 Metaboric acid 7.10.4 Sodium Tetra-borate or Borax or Tincal Na2B4O7 . 10H2O 7.10.5 Structures of Different Borates 7.10.6 Boron Halides 7.10.7 Electron Deficiency and Acceptor Behaviour 7.10.8 Boron Hydrides 7.10.9 Diborane B2H6 7.10.10 Borazole 7.10.11 Borohydrides 7.10.12 Boron Nitride 7.11 Important Compounds of Aluminium 7.11.1 Aluminium Hydride (Alane) AlH3 7.11.2 Aluminium Oxide (Alumina) Al2O3 7.11.3 Aluminium Hydroxide Al(OH)3 7.11.4 Aluminium Chloride AlCl3 7.11.5 Aluminium Sulphate 7.11.5 Potash Alum K2SO 4 . Al2 (SO 4)3 . 24H2O 7.11.6 Pseudo Alums 7.11.7 Ultramarines 7.11.8 Lapislazuli Key Notes Chapter 8 : Group-IV(A) (14) Carbon Family 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Occurrence 8.3 Physical Properties 8.4 Chemical Reactivity 8.5 Important Compounds of Elements of Group IVA Comparative Study 8.5.1 Hydrides 8.5.2 Halides 8.5.3 Oxides 8.6 Carbon 8.6.1 Diamond 8.6.2 Graphite 8.6.3 Fullerenes 8.7 Important Compounds of Carbon 8.7.1 Oxides of Carbon 8.7.2 Carbonic Acid 8.7.3 Carbides 8.7.4 Gaseous fuels of Carbon 8.8 Silicon 8.9 Compounds of Silicon 8.9.1 Silicon Dioxide (SiO2) 8.9.2 Silicones 8.9.3 Silicates 8.10 Glass 8.11 Tin 8.12 Compounds of Tin 8.12.1 Stannous Oxide 8.12.2 Stannic Oxide 8.13 Lead 8.14 Compounds of Lead 8.14.1 Lead Monoxide PbO 8.14.2 Lead Dioxide PbO2 8.14.3 Red – Lead Pb3O4 8.14.4 Lead (II) Chloride 8.14.5 Lead (IV) Chloride 8.10.6 White Lead 2PbCO3 · Pb(OH)2(Basic Lead Carbonate) 8.10.7 Lead Acetate Pb(CH3CO)2 8.10.8 Tetra Ethyl Lead Pb(C2H5)4 Key Points Chapter 9 : Group VA (15) Nitrogen Family 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Occurrence 9.3 Physical Properties 9.4 Compounds of Group VA Elements: Comparative Study 9.4.1 Hydrides 9.4.2 Halides 9.4.3 Oxides 9.4.4 Oxoacids 9.5 Nitrogen 9.6 Hydrides of Nitrogen 9.6.1 Ammonia 9.6.2 Hydrazine 9.6.3 Hydroxylamine 9.7 Oxides of Nitrogen 9.7.1 Nitrous Oxide or Nitrogen (I) Oxide (N2O) 9.7.2 Nitric Oxide (NO) 9.7.3 Nitrogen Sesquioxide or Dinitrogen Trioxide or Nitrogen (III) Oxide N2O3 9.7.4 Dinitrogen Tetroxide ⇋ Nitrogen Dioxide, Nitrogen (IV) Oxide 9.8 Oxoacids of Nitrogen 9.8.1 Nitrous Acid HNO2 9.8.2 Nitric Acid HNO3 9.9 Phosphorus 9.10 Hydrides of Phosphorus 9.10.1 Phosphine PH3 9.10.2 Diphosphine or Phosphorus Dihydride P2H4 9.11 Halides of Phosphorus 9.11.1 Phosphorus Trichloride: PCl3 9.11.2 Phosphorus Pentachloride, PCl5 9.12 Oxides of Phosphorus 9.12.1 Phosphorus Trioxide, P4O6 9.12.2 Phosphorus Tetroxide 9.12.3 Phosphorus Pentoxide 9.12.4 Structures of Phosphorus Oxides 9.13 OxoAcids of Phosphorus 9.13.1 Hypophosphorus Acid H3PO2 9.13.2 Phosphorus Acid H3PO3 9.13.3 Hypophosphoric Acid, H4P2O 9.13.4 Orthophosphoric Acid, H3PO4 9.13.5 Pyrophosphoric Acid, H4P2O7 9.13.6 Metaphosphoric Acid 9.14 Fertilizers 9.14.1 Nitrogenous Fertilizers 9.14.2 Phosphatic Fertilizers Key Points Chapter 10 : Group VIA (16) Oxygen Family 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Occurrence 10.3 General Properties 10.4 Chemical Reactivity of the Elements 10.5 Compounds of Group VIA Elements: Comparative Study 10.5.1 Hydrides 10.5.2 Halides 10.5.3 Oxides 10.5.4 Oxoacids 10.6 Oxygen 10.7 Oxides 10.8 Ozone 10.9 Sulphur 10.9.1 The Allotropy of Sulphur 10.9.2 Action of Heat on Sulphur 10.9.3 Chemical Properties of Sulphur 10.10 Compounds of Sulphur 10.10.1 Hydrogen Sulphide, H2S 10.10.2 Other Hydrides of Sulphur 10.10.3 Oxides of Sulphur 10.10.3(B) Sulphur Trioxide SO3: Preparation 10.11 Oxoacids of Sulphur 10.11.1 Sulphurous Acid H2SO3 10.11.2 Sulphuric Acid H2SO4 10.12 Chloro Derivatives of Sulphurous and Sulphuric Acids 10.12.1 Thionyl Chloride SOCl2 – A Derivative of Sulphurous Acid 10.12.2 Chlorosulphonic Acid HOSO2Cl –A Derivative of Sulphuric Acid 10.12.3 Sulphuryl Chloride (Dichloro-Sulphonic Acid) SO2Cl2 – A Derivative of Sulphuric Acid 10.13 Sodium Thiosulphate Na2S2O3 . 5H2O Key Points Chapter 11 : Group VIIA (17) Halogens 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Physical Properties 11.3 Chemical Reactivity of Halogens 11.4 Anomalous Behaviour of Fluorine 11.5 Resemblences of Fluorine with Oxygen 11.6 Flourine 11.6.1 Difficulties Encountered in the Isolation of Fluorine 11.7 Chlorine 11.8 Bromine 11.9 Iodine 11.10 Compounds of Halogens 11.10.1 Hydrides 11.10.2 Hydrochloric Acid 11.10.3 Oxides 11.11.4 Monoxides 11.11.5 Dioxides 11.11.6 Higher Oxides 11.11 Oxoacids of Halogens 11.11.1 Hypohalous Acids 11.11.2 Halous Acids 11.11.3 Halic Acids 11.11. 4 Perhalic Acids 11.12 Bleaching Powder 11.13 InterHalogen Compounds 11.14 Pseudohalogens 11.15 Polyhalides Key Points Chapter 12 : Group 18 Noble Gases 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Position in the Periodic Table 12.3 Discovery of Noble Gases 12.4 Isolation of Noble Gases 12.4.1 Physico-Chemical Methods 12.4.2 Separation of Noble Gases from Liquid Air 12.5 Physical Properties of Noble Gases 12.6 Compounds of Noble Gases 12.6.1 Hydrates 12.6.2 Clathrates 12.6.3 Coordination Compounds 12.6.4 Chemical Compounds of Noble Gases 12.6.5 Xenon Fluorides 12.6.6 Xenon Oxides 12.6.7 Structures of Xenon Compounds 12.6.8 Uses of Noble Gases The Noble Gases Chapter 13 : The d- and f-Block Elements 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Electronic Configurations 13.3 General Characteristics 13.3.1 Physical Properties 13.4 Typical Characteristic Properties of Transition Elements 13.4.1 Variable Oxidation States 13.4.2 Colour 13.4.3 Magnetic Properties 13.4.4 Catalytic Activity 13.4.5 Complex Formation 13.4.6 Interstitial Compounds 13.4.7 Alloy Formation 13.5 Trends in Physical and Chemical Properties of 1st, 2ndand 3rd Series 13.6 Introduction 13.7 The Lanthanoids 13.7.1 Discovery and Occurrence of the Lanthanides 13.7.2 Electronic Configuration 13.7.3 Atomic and Ionic Radii 13.7.4 Oxidation States 13.7.5 Colour 13.7.6 Magnetic Properties 13.7.7 General Characteristics 13.7.8 Chemical Reactivity 13.7.9 Separation and Extraction of the Lanthanoids 13.7.10 Uses 13.8 Actinoids 13.8.1 Introduction 13.8.2 Electronic Configuration of Actinoides 13.8.3 Ionic Size 13.8.4 Oxidation States 13.8.5 Magnetic Properties 13.8.6 General Characteristics 13.9 Comparsion of Lanthanides and Actinoides d–Block Elements key Points 13.4.1 Variable Oxidation States 13.4.2 Colour 13.4.3 Magnetic Properties Chapter 14 : Coordination Compounds 14.1 Introduction 14.1.1 What is a Coordination Compound? 14.1.2 Characteristics of Coordination Compounds 14.2 Theories of Formation of Coordination Compounds 14.2.1 Werner’s Coordination Theory 14.2.2 Experimental Evidence in Support of Werner’s Theory 14.2.3 Definition of the Terms used in Coordinate Compounds 14.3 Electronic Interpretation of Co-Ordination 14.3.1 Sidgwick Theory 14.3.2 Defects in Sidgwick’s Theory 14.4 Valence Bond Theory 14.4.1 Important Aspects Regarding the Complexes of 1st Row Transition Metals 14.4.2 Defects in Valence Bond Theory 14.5 Crystal Field Theory 14.5.1 Crystal Field Splitting of d-orbitals in Octahedral Coordination Compounds 14.5.2 Crystal Field Splitting in Tetrahedral Coordination Compounds 14.5.3 Crystal Field Splitting in Square Planar Complexes 14.5.4 Determination of Δ 14.5.5 Factors Affecting Δ 14.5.6 Application of Crystal Field Theory 14.6 Types of Ligands 4.6.1 Classification Based on the Number of Donor Atoms Present in the Ligands 4.6.2 Types of Monodentate Ligands 4.6.3 Classification Based on π-Donor and π-Acceptor Property of the Ligand 14.7 Bonding in Organometallic Compounds 14.7.1 Metal Carbonyls 14.8 Nomenclature of Inorganic Complexes 14.9 Isomerism in Coordination Compounds 14.9.1 Structural Isomerism 14.9.2 Stereo Isomerism 14.9.3 Geometrical Isomerism or Cis-Trans Isomerism 14.9.4 Geometrical Isomerism in Complexes of Coordination Number 4 14.9.5 Geometrical Isomerism in Complexes of Coordination Number 6 14.9.6 Optical Isomerism 14.9.7 Optical Isomerism in 4-CoordinationCompounds 14.9.8 Optical Isomerism in Square Planar Complexes 14.9.9 Tetrahedral Complexes 14.9.10 Optical Isomerism in 6-CoordinationCompounds 14.10 Calculation of Number of Isomers 14.11 Stability of Coordination Compounds 14.11.1 Factors Affecting the Stability of a Complex 14.12 Applications of Coordination Compounds 14.12.1 Biological Importance Key Points Chapter 15 : Metallurgy 15.1 Occurrence of Metals 15.2 Classification of the Ores 15.3 Extraction Of Metals 15.3.1 Concentration of the Ore (or) Ore Dressing 15.3.2 Fluxes and Slags 15.3.3 Preliminary Treatment of the Concentrated Ore 15.3.4 Extraction of the Crude Metal 15.4 Thermodynamic Principles of Metallurgy 15.4.1 The Ellingham Diagram for Oxides Show the Following Features 15.4.2 Limitations of Ellingham Diagram 15.5 Refining or Purification of Metals 15.6 Refractory Materials 15.7 Furnaces Used in Metallurgy 15.8 IRON 15.8.1 Common Ores of Iron 15.8.2 Extraction of Cast Iron 15.8.3 Thermodynamics of the Reduction of Iron Oxides 15.8.4 Commercial Forms of Iron 15.8.5 Preparation of Wrought Iron 15.8.6 Preparation of Steel 15.8.7 Heat Treatment of Steel 15.8.8 Passive Iron 15.8.9 Rusting of Iron 15.9 Compounds Of Iron 15.9.1 Iron (III) Oxide 15.9.2 Iron (III) Hydroxide Fe2O3 · xH2O 15.9.3 Magnetic Oxide Fe3O4 15.9.4 Iron (III) Halides 15.9.5 Ferric Chloride FeCl3 15.9.6 Iron (III) Sulphate Fe2(SO4)3 15.9.7 Iron (II) Oxide FeO 15.9.8 Iron (II) Hydroxide Fe(OH)2 15.9.9 Iron (II) Halides 15.9.10 Iron (II) Sulphate FeSO4 · 7H2O (Green Vitriol) 15.9.11 Iron (II) Ammonium Sulphate FeSO4 · (NH4)2SO4 · 6H2O Mohr’s Salt 15.10 Copper 15.11 Compounds of Copper 15.11.1 Copper (I) Compounds 15.11.2 Copper (I) Oxide Cu2O 15.11.3 Copper (I) Chloride CuCl 15.11.4 Copper (II) Compounds 15.11.5 Copper (II) Oxide 15.11.6 Copper (II) Hydroxide 15.11.7 Copper (II) Chloride 15.11.8 Copper (II) Sulphate (Blue Vitriol)CuSO4 . 5H2O 15.12 Silver 15.13 Compounds of Silver 15.13.1 Silver Oxide 15.13.2 Silver Nitrate (Lunar Caustic) AgNO3 15.13.3 Silver Thiosulphate 15.14 Gold 15.14.1 Compounds of Gold 15.15 Zinc 15.16 Compounds of Zinc 15.16.1 Zinc Oxide 15.16.2 Zinc Chloride 15.16.3 Zinc Sulphate (White Vitriol) ZnSO4.7H2O 15.17 Mercury 15.17.1 Compounds of Mercury 15.17.2 Mercury (II) Compounds 15.17.3 Mercury (II) Chloride (Corrosive Sublimate) HgCl2 15.17.4 Mercury (II) Iodide 15.17.5 Mercury (I) Chloride (Calomel) Hg2Cl2 15.18 Electrochemical Principles of Metallurgy 15.18.1 Sodium 15.18.2 Magnesium 15.18.3 Aluminium 15.19 Potassium Dichromate K2Cr2O7 15.20 Potassium Permanganate KMnO4 Key Points Chapter 16 : Qualitative Analysis 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Preliminary Tests 16.2.1 Colour 16.2.2 Action of Heat 16.2.3 Flame Colour Test 16.2.4 Charcoal Cavity Test 16.2.5 Borax Bead Test 16.2.6 Microcosmic Salt Bead Test 16.3 Tests for Anions 16.3.1 Anions which Respond to Dilute Acid 16.4 Confirmatory Tests and Reactions of Anions Which Respond with Dilute Acid 16.4.1 Reactions of Carbonate Ion 16.4.2 Reactions of Sulphite Ion SO32− 16.4.3 Reactions of Sulphide Ion S2– 16.4.4 Reactions of Acetate Ion CH3COO– 16.5 Anions which Respond to Concentrated Sulphuric Acid 16.5.1 Chloride Ion Cl– 16.5.2 Reaction of Bromide Ion Br – 16.5.3 Reactions of Iodide Ion I– 16.5.4 Reactions of Nitrate Ion NO3− 16.6 Reactions of Anions which Do Not Respond to Dilute or Concentrated Acid 16.7 Sodium Carbonate Extract 16.8 Tests for Cations 16.9 Reactions of Group – I Cations 16.9.1 Separation and Identifications of Group-I Cations 16.9.2 Reactions of Lead Ion Pb2+ 16.9.3 Reactions of the Mercurous Ion Hg22+ 16.9.4 Reactions of Silver Ion Ag+ 16.10 Reactions of Group – II Cations 16.10.1 Separation of Group II Cations into Sub Groups II A and II B 16.10.2 Separation of Group II A Cations 16.10.3 Reactions of the Mercuric Ion Hg2+ 16.10.4 Reactions of Bismuth Ion Bi3+ 16.10.5 Reactions of Cupric Ion Cu2+ 16.10.6 Reactions of Cadmium Ion Cd2+ 16.10.7 Separation of Group IIB Cations 16.11 Reactions of Group III Cations 16.11.1 Reactions of Aluminium Ion Al3+ 16.11.2 Reactions of Chromium (III) Ion Cr3+ 16.11.3 Reactions of Ferrous Ion Fe2+ 16.11.4 Reaction of the Ferric Ion Fe3+ 16.12 Reactions of Group IV Cations 16.12.1 Reactions of Zinc Ion Zn2+ 16.12.2 Reactions of Manganous Ion Mn2+ 16.12.3 Reactions of Cobaltous Ion Co2+ 16.12.4 Reactions of Nickel Ion Ni2+ 16.13 Reactions of Group – V Cations 16.13.1 Separation of Group – V Cations 16.13.2 Reactions of Barium Ion Ba2+ 16.13.3 Reactions of Strontium Ion Sr2+ 16.13.4 Reactions of Calcium Ion Ca2+ 16.14 Cations of Group VI 16.14.1 Reaction of Magnesium Ion 16.14.2 Reactions of Ammonium Ion NH4+ Appendices Hydration, Hydrolysis and Solubility Strength of Acids Atomic Weights Electron Affinities (KJ mol–1) Ionization Energies (MJ mol–1) Units and Conversion Factors