Biocontrol Agents and Secondary Metabolites - Applications and Immunization for Plant Growth and Protection

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Front Cover Biocontrol Agents and Secondary Metabolites: Application and immunization for plant protection Copyright Dedication Contents Contributors About the editor Foreword Preface Acknowledgments Introduction Chapter 1: Fungi endophytes for biofactory of secondary metabolites: Genomics and metabolism 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Fungal endophytes frequency and transmission in plant organizations 1.3. Endophytic fungus as biofactory of bioactive compounds 1.4. Genome level secondary metabolism metabolic modeling 1.5. Gene clusters for fungal metabolism: Diversity and distribution 1.6. Methodological and technological advancement of genome for metabolites 1.6.1. Strategies for targeted genome editing 1.6.2. Protein-directed nucleases 1.6.3. Nucleic acid-guided nucleases 1.6.4. Further tools for genome editing: Integrases and recombinases 1.7. Production of SMs by pathway-specific overexpression regulatory genes 1.8. Genetic makeup of fungal secondary metabolism 1.9. Identifying gene clusters of fungi 1.10. Applications for secondary metabolites through genome editing and metabolic engineering 1.10.1. Forward genetics applications 1.10.2. Reverse genetics applications 1.10.3. Gene deletions 1.10.4. Variation in epigenetic mechanisms 1.10.5. Proteomic approach 1.10.6. Genome mining 1.10.7. Combined omics approach 1.11. Perspectives and conclusions Acknowledgments References Chapter 2: Impact of potassium solubilizing fungi as biopesticides and its role in crop improvement 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Importance of soil potassium 2.3. Role of potassium in plants 2.4. Role of microorganisms in potassium solubility and uptake 2.5. Role of potassium solubilizing fungi as biofertilizer 2.6. Role of potassium solubilizing fungi as biopesticide/biocontrol agent 2.7. Biocontrol agents 2.7.1. Penicillium 2.7.2. Aspergillus 2.8. Mode of action 2.8.1. Competition 2.8.2. Mycoparasitism 2.8.3. Antibiotic production 2.8.4. Induced resistance 2.9. Conclusions References Chapter 3: Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions for benefit of agriculture and environment 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Trichoderma-plant interaction 3.2.1. Colonization in plant roots 3.2.2. Promotion of plant growth 3.2.3. Induction of plant defense responses 3.2.4. Soil environment vis-à-vis Trichoderma-plant interaction 3.2.5. Activity related to plant growth promotion, help in seed germination, and effect on plant morphology 3.2.5.1. Effect on seed germination 3.3. Effect on plant physiology, effect on yield and quality of produce 3.3.1. Effect on yield and quality of produce 3.4. Induced resistance against biotic and abiotic stresses 3.5. Trichoderma-pathogen interactions 3.5.1. Mycoparasitism and lytic enzymes 3.5.1.1. Mycoparasitism 3.5.2. Antibiosis and secondary metabolites 3.5.3. Competition through pathogens and soil microbial community 3.6. The three-way interaction: Trichoderma-plant-pathogen 3.6.1. Trichoderma-pathogen networking 3.7. Future prospects 3.8. Conclusions Acknowledgment References Chapter 4: Trichoderma: From gene to field 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Trichoderma-mediated genes and elicitors-induced disease resistance in plant host system 4.3. Trichoderma-based biocontrol formulations 4.4. Trichoderma-based effector molecules: A model system to design specific bioformulations 4.5. Trichoderma effector proteins 4.6. Trichoderma secondary metabolites (SMs)-New effectors in plant interactions 4.7. Plant growth regulators (PGRs) 4.8. Nanotechnology-based Trichoderma formulation: Future trends for the biological control of plant diseases 4.9. Innovative technology beyond the ordinary with synthetic biology interventions: Trichoderma proteomics and metabolomics References Chapter 5: Potential of Trichoderma species in alleviating the adverse effects of biotic and abiotic stresses in plants 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Interaction, colonization, and plant growth promotion by Trichoderma 5.3. Role of Trichoderma spp. in alleviating biotic stress 5.3.1. Antagonistic mechanisms employed by Trichoderma spp. in relieving biotic stress 5.3.1.1. Mycoparasitism 5.3.1.2. Antibiosis 5.3.1.3. Competition 5.4. Role of Trichoderma spp. in alleviating abiotic stress 5.4.1. Mechanism employed by Trichoderma spp. for abiotic stress tolerance 5.5. Conclusion References Further reading Chapter 6: Beneficial plant-associated bacteria modulate host hormonal system enhancing plant resistance toward abiotic s ... 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Plant response and adaptation to the abiotic stress condition 6.3. Abscisic acid (ABA) 6.4. Ethylene (ET) 6.5. Cytokinins (CK) 6.6. Gibberellins (GAs) 6.7. Auxin (AU) 6.8. Strigolactones (SLs) 6.9. Salicylic acid (SA) 6.10. Jasmonic acid (JA) 6.11. Other hormones 6.12. Conclusion and future prospects References Chapter 7: Biocontrol potential of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) against Ralstonia solanacearum: Current an ... 7.1. Introduction 7.2. Mechanisms of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria against Ralstonia solanacearum 7.2.1. Antibiosis 7.2.2. Competition for root niches and nutrients 7.2.3. Hydrogen cyanide (HCN) production 7.2.4. Siderophores production 7.2.5. Nitrogen fixation 7.2.6. Cell wall degrading enzymes 7.2.7. Phosphate solubilization 7.2.8. Phytohormone production 7.2.9. Induced systemic resistance (ISR) 7.3. Conclusion References Chapter 8: Seed biopriming a novel method to control seed borne diseases of crops 8.1. Introduction 8.1.1. Seedborne diseases 8.1.2. Outcomes of seedborne diseases 8.2. Seed priming 8.2.1. History 8.2.2. Seed priming and its types 8.2.3. Techniques of seed priming 8.2.3.1. Hydropriming 8.2.3.2. Osmopriming 8.2.3.3. Nutrient priming 8.2.3.4. Chemical priming 8.2.3.5. Hormopriming 8.2.3.6. Plant extract priming 8.3. Biopriming 8.3.1. Different agents of seed biopriming 8.3.1.1. Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria 8.3.1.2. Antagonistic fungi 8.3.1.3. Mycorrhizal fungi 8.4. The procedure of seed biopriming 8.5. Mechanism of action of seed biopriming by bioagents 8.5.1. Beneficial influences on seedling growth and vigor 8.5.1.1. Speed Up and synchronization of seed germination 8.5.1.2. Plant growth 8.5.1.3. Mineral nutrition 8.5.1.4. Biopriming mediated physiological and biochemical advantages to the plants 8.5.1.5. Yield improvement 8.5.1.5.1. Disease resistance 8.5.1.6. Mechanisms of disease resistance induction through seed priming 8.5.2. Antagonistic effects on disease-causing pathogens 8.5.2.1. Destructive parasitism 8.5.2.2. Competition 8.5.2.3. Antibiosis 8.6. Conclusion and future perspective References Chapter 9: Metabolomic profile modification and enhanced disease resistance derived from alien genes introgression in plants 9.1. Introduction 9.2. Metabolomic modification derived from genetic alteration 9.3. Genetic basis of phytochemical biosynthesis 9.4. Active metabolites as biomarkers for disease resistance in plant breeding 9.5. Conclusion References Chapter 10: Current trend and future prospects of secondary metabolite-based products from agriculturally important micro ... 10.1. Introduction 10.2. Overview of microbial metabolites 10.3. Mining platform and biochemical pathways of secondary metabolites biosynthesis 10.3.1. Type-I PKS 10.3.2. Type-II PKS 10.3.3. Type-III PKS 10.4. Genome mining for secondary metabolites 10.5. Applications 10.5.1. Biocontrol potential of secondary metabolites 10.5.2. Biological control of nematodes using microbial-derived secondary metabolites 10.5.3. Role of secondary metabolites of fungal origin in the control of plant pathogens 10.6. Conclusion 10.7. Future prospects and concerns Acknowledgments References Chapter 11: Antimicrobial secondary metabolites from Trichoderma spp. as next generation fungicides 11.1. Introduction 11.2. Trichoderma as rhizofungi 11.3. Trichoderma CWDE and MAMP molecules on improving plant health 11.4. Molecular patterns of Trichoderma-mediated resistance response 11.5. Nonribosomal peptides and their antifungal activity 11.5.1. Peptaibiotics 11.5.2. Epipolythiodioxopiperazines 11.5.3. Siderophores 11.6. Polygalacturonase ThPG1 11.7. Xylanase Eix/Xyn2 11.8. Cellulases 11.9. Cerato-platanins in ISR and rhizosphere competence 11.10. Swollenin-mediated root colonization and resistance 11.11. Peptaibols: An inducer of signal molecules 11.12. 6-Pentyl pyrones trigger ISR/SAR and plant growth 11.13. Antifungal activity of trichothecenes 11.14. Volatile organic compounds and plant defense 11.15. Antifungal activity of terpenoids 11.16. Lytic enzymes 11.16.1. Serine protease 11.16.2. β-1,3 Glucanases 11.16.3. Chitinases 11.17. Antimicrobial genes of Trichoderma 11.18. Growth promotion by Trichoderma 11.19. Antimicrobial activity of Trichoderma secondary metabolites 11.20. Antimicrobial activity of VOC 11.21. Conclusion References Chapter 12: Microbial secondary metabolites and their role in stress management of plants 12.1. Introduction 12.2. Microbial metabolites 12.2.1. Antibiotics 12.2.2. 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase 12.2.3. Osmolytes 12.2.4. Siderophores 12.2.5. Exopolysaccharides 12.2.6. Phytohormones 12.2.6.1. Auxin 12.2.6.2. Gibberellic acid 12.2.6.3. Cytokinin 12.2.7. HCN 12.3. Conclusion References Further reading Chapter 13: Signatures of signaling pathways underlying plant-growth promotion by fungi 13.1. Introduction 13.2. Plant-growth promotion (PGP) by fungi (PGPF) 13.3. Molecular mechanisms or cell signaling of plant-growth promotion 13.3.1. Mechanism for attachment and colonization of PGPF on plant root and protection from plant defense 13.3.2. Plant-growth promotion through hormone production 13.3.3. Auxin-mediated cell signaling pathway in plants 13.3.4. Plant-growth promotion through soil phosphate solubilization 13.3.4.1. Soil phosphate solubilization by organic acids produced by fungi 13.3.5. Fungal siderophore-mediated pathway for iron solubilization, uptake, and plant-growth promotion 13.3.6. ACCD [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase] mediated plant-growth promotion 13.4. Mycorrhizal fungi (MF) as growth promoter 13.5. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 14: Overproduction of ROS: underlying molecular mechanism of scavenging and redox signaling 14.1. Introduction 14.2. ROS biochemistry 14.2.1. Singlet oxygen (1O2) 14.2.2. Superoxide radical (O2-) 14.2.3. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 14.2.4. Hydroxyl radicals (OH) 14.3. ROS Production in plant cell 14.3.1. Chloroplast and peroxisome-mediated ROS production 14.3.2. Mitochondrial ROS production 14.3.3. Endoplasmic reticulum-mediated ROS production 14.3.4. Apoplastic ROS production 14.3.5. Other sources of ROS production 14.4. ROS scavenging by the antioxidant defense system 14.4.1. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) 14.4.2. Catalase (CAT) 14.4.3. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) 14.4.4. Dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) 14.4.5. Monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR) 14.4.6. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX) 14.4.7. Glutathione reductase (GR) 14.5. Nonenzymatic antioxidants 14.5.1. Ascorbic acid (AA) 14.5.2. Reduced glutathione (GSH) 14.5.3. Tocopherols 14.5.4. Carotenoids 14.5.5. Phenolics and flavonoids 14.5.6. Proline 14.6. ROS in redox signaling 14.6.1. RBOH proteins: diversity in their regulatory mechanism 14.6.2. Temporal coordination of ROS-signaling with other signals in plants 14.6.3. Spatial coordination of ROS signaling with other signals in plants 14.6.4. ROS-mediated activation of MAPK signaling 14.6.5. ROS signaling in systemic acquired acclimation to biotic and abiotic stresses 14.6.6. ROS signaling interaction with other signals 14.6.7. ROS-mediated programmed cell death (PCD) under abiotic stress 14.7. Conclusion References Chapter 15: Antioxidant-mediated defense in triggering resistance against biotic stress in plants 15.1. Introduction 15.2. Early defense responses 15.3. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) 15.3.1. ROS and biotic stress 15.4. ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) 15.4.1. Cross talk of ROS and NO in plants 15.5. ROS scavenging via the antioxidant system 15.5.1. Enzymatic antioxidants 15.5.2. Nonenzymatic antioxidants 15.6. Enhancement of ROS scavenging and plant immunity 15.6.1. Biotic elicitors 15.6.2. Abiotic elicitors 15.7. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Chapter 16: Role of terpenes in plant defense to biotic stress 16.1. Introduction 16.2. Role of terpenes in resistance to fungal diseases 16.3. Role of terpenes in interaction with bacteria 16.4. Role of terpenes in interaction with viruses 16.5. Conclusion References Chapter 17: Role of phenols and polyphenols in plant defense response to biotic and abiotic stresses 17.1. Introduction 17.2. Phenols and polyphenols in crops 17.2.1. Classification of phenols and polyphenols 17.2.1.1. Flavonoids Catechins Flavonols, flavones, and flavanones Isoflavones and chalcones Anthocyanidins 17.2.1.2. Coumarins 17.2.1.3. Phytoalexins 17.2.1.4. Tannins 17.2.1.5. Other polyphenols Phenolic acid Stilbenes and lignans 17.2.2. Biosynthesis of phenols and polyphenols 17.3. Systemic protection toward biotic and abiotic stresses 17.3.1. Biotic stress 17.3.1.1. Disease resistance 17.3.1.2. Response to herbivores 17.3.2. Abiotic stress 17.3.2.1. Heavy metal 17.3.2.2. Drought 17.3.2.3. Salinity 17.3.2.4. Ultraviolet rays 17.3.2.5. Cold stress 17.3.2.6. Nutrient stress 17.3.2.7. Other abiotic factors 17.4. Role of phenols and polyphenols in plant growth 17.4.1. Physiological roles 17.4.2. Symbiotic relation formation 17.4.2.1. Chemotaxis 17.4.2.2. Quorum sensing 17.4.2.3. Activation of nodulation and virulence genes 17.4.2.4. Detoxification 17.5. Conclusion References Chapter 18: Terpenoid indole alkaloids, a secondary metabolite in plant defense response 18.1. Introduction 18.2. Secondary metabolites classification 18.2.1. Terpenoids 18.2.2. Phenolic compounds 18.2.3. Nitrogen-containing compounds 18.2.3.1. Cyanogenic glycosides 18.2.3.2. Glucosinolates 18.2.3.3. Nonprotein amino acids 18.2.3.4. Alkaloids 18.2.3.5. Tropane alkaloids 18.2.3.6. Terpenoidindole alkaloids (TIAs) 18.3. Terpenoidindole alkaloid pathway 18.4. Localization of the TIA pathway 18.5. Regulation of the TIA pathway 18.5.1. Posttranscriptional regulation 18.5.2. Regulation by conditions of growth and environmental factors 18.6. Defense responses of TIAs in plants References Chapter 19: Exploring plant volatile compounds in sustainable crop improvement 19.1. Introduction 19.2. PVCs in protection against pathogens 19.3. PVCs in protection against herbivores 19.4. PVC-mediated weed control 19.5. PVCs in improving/suppressing plant growth and productivity 19.6. PVCs in smart agriculture practices References Chapter 20: Biostimulants: Promising probiotics for plant health 20.1. Introduction 20.2. Biostimulant: A changing perspective 20.3. Active components of biostimulant 20.3.1. Acids 20.3.2. Protein hydrolysates 20.3.3. Seaweed-derived additives (SWDA) 20.3.4. Biopolymers 20.3.5. The microbial component 20.4. Biofilms: A natural consortium 20.4.1. Microbial consortia means of wonderful soil remediation 20.5. Future prospects References Chapter 21: Explorations of fungal diversity in extreme environmental conditions for sustainable agriculture applications 21.1. Introduction 21.2. Explorations of fungal diversity 21.2.1. Fungal diversity in insect gut 21.2.2. Nematophagous fungi 21.2.3. Fungal association with orchids 21.2.4. Fungi in desert ecosystem 21.2.5. Fungi in denitrification 21.2.6. Fungi in marine ecosystem 21.2.7. Radiotrophic fungi 21.2.8. Fungi in Antarctica 21.2.9. Thermophilic fungi 21.3. Conclusion References Chapter 22: Diversity and functions of secondary metabolites secreted by epi-endophytic microbes and their interaction wi ... 22.1. Introduction 22.2. Biocontrol agents (BCAs) 22.3. Epi/endophytes 22.4. Secondary metabolites 22.5. Synthesis pathway and diversity 22.6. Interaction in spermosphere 22.7. Interaction in rhizosphere 22.8. Interaction with postharvest pathogens 22.9. Interaction in phyllosphere 22.10. Epiphytic microflora for plant disease management 22.11. Challenges and future perspectives for upscaling the secondary metabolites References Chapter 23: Fungal diversity and its role in sustainable agriculture 23.1. Introduction 23.2. Classification of fungi 23.3. Well-known groups 23.3.1. Macrolichens including most foliose and fruticose species 23.3.2. Polyporaceae sensu lato including Corticiaceae, Stereaceae, etc. 23.4. Moderately well-known groups 23.4.1. Agaricales (mushrooms including secotioid and hypogeous relatives) 23.4.2. Uredinales (rusts) 23.4.3. Hypocreales and Xylariales 23.5. Poorly known groups 23.5.1. Perithecial Euascomycetes and Loculoascomycetes (excluding the Erysiphales, Hypocreales, and Xylariales) 23.5.2. Nondematiaceous hyphomycetes 23.5.3. Endogonales and Glomales (vesicular mycorrhizae) 23.6. Fungi and ecosystems 23.6.1. Fungi and animals 23.6.2. Fungi and plants 23.6.3. Fungi and algae/cyanobacteria 23.7. Economic value of fungi 23.8. Biodiversity of fungi 23.9. Fungi in sustainable agriculture 23.10. Nutrient recycling 23.10.1. Decomposition of organic matter 23.11. Mycorrhiza 23.12. Endophytic fungi 23.12.1. Mushroom cultivation 23.13. Bioremediation 23.14. Fungi as biocontrol agents 23.15. Conclusion References Chapter 24: Exploring the biogeographical diversity of Trichoderma for plant health 24.1. Introduction 24.2. Is Trichoderma important? 24.3. Attributes of Trichoderma as a successful biocontrol organism 24.4. Ecology of Trichoderma 24.4.1. Ecology-based diversity of Trichoderma 24.5. Systematics of Trichoderma and its significance in biodiversity 24.5.1. Morphological taxonomy of Trichoderma 24.5.1.1. Key to Trichoderma genus Colony Chlamydospores Conidiophores Phialides Phialospores 24.5.2. Sections of Trichoderma 24.5.2.1. Trichoderma 24.5.2.2. Pachybasium 24.5.2.3. Longibrachiatum (Bissett, 1984) 24.5.2.4. Saturnisporum 24.5.2.5. Hypocreanum (teleomorph of Trichoderma) 24.6. Global diversity of Trichoderma-An overview 24.7. Species diversity of Trichoderma 24.8. Ecological significance of Trichoderma 24.8.1. Trichoderma and plant health 24.9. Factors influencing bioefficacy of Trichoderma in maintaining plant health 24.9.1. pH 24.9.2. Moisture 24.10. Mode of action 24.10.1. Direct mode of action 24.10.1.1. Competition 24.10.1.2. Antibiosis 24.10.1.3. Hydrolytic enzymes Cellulases Proteases 24.10.1.4. α-glucosidases 24.10.1.5. β-1,3 glucanases Chitinases 24.10.2. Spatial distribution of glucanases and chitinases 24.10.3. Mycoparasitism 24.10.4. Indirect modes of action 24.10.4.1. Induced resistance 24.10.4.2. Plant growth promotion 24.11. Commercial production and formulations 24.11.1. Talc-based formulation 24.11.2. Gypsum 24.11.3. Industrial wastes 24.11.4. Diatomaceous earth granules 24.11.5. Wheat bran: Sawdust formulation 24.11.6. Wheat bran: Peat 24.11.7. Vermiculite-Wheat bran 24.11.8. Alginate pellets 24.11.9. Other substrates 24.12. Shelf life 24.13. Delivery system 24.13.1. Seed treatment 24.13.2. Solid matrix priming 24.13.3. Soil 24.13.4. Cut stump application 24.13.5. Hive insert 24.14. Population dynamics of Trichoderma 24.14.1. Soil 24.14.2. Seeds 24.15. Strain improvement of Trichoderma 24.15.1. Genetic engineering 24.15.1.1. Methods of induction of new biotypes 24.15.1.2. Exposure to fungicides 24.15.1.3. Exposure to mutagens 24.15.1.4. Gamma irradiation 24.15.1.5. UV irradiation 24.15.1.6. Chemical mutagenesis 24.15.1.7. Protoplast fusion 24.15.1.8. Protoplast transformation 24.16. Industrial application of Trichoderma 24.16.1. Bioremediation by Trichoderma 24.16.2. Biodegradation of noxious chemicals 24.16.3. Biodegradation of pesticide 24.16.4. Phytobiation 24.17. Conclusion References Chapter 25: Pathogenesis-related proteins: Role in plant defense 25.1. Introduction 25.2. PR proteins 25.2.1. Discovery 25.2.2. Properties 25.2.3. Classification 25.2.4. Role and mechanism of action in plant defense 25.2.4.1. PR-13 25.2.4.2. PR-14 25.2.4.3. PR-15 and PR-16 25.2.4.4. PR-17 25.2.4.5. PR-18 and PR-19 25.3. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Chapter 26: Different mechanisms of signaling pathways for plant protection from diseases by fungi 26.1. Introduction 26.2. Plant defense mechanism by utilization of fungi 26.2.1. Plant protection mechanisms by FBCAs (fungal biocontrol agents) against pathogens 26.2.1.1. Competition 26.2.1.2. Antibiosis 26.2.1.3. Mycoparasitism or hyperparasitism 26.2.1.4. Hypervirulence 26.2.1.5. Inactivation of pathogens enzymes by BCA 26.2.1.6. Induction of plant resistance by BCA 26.2.2. Induction of plant resistance/plant protection mechanisms by FBCA (fungal biocontrol agents)-plant interaction 26.2.2.1. General induced defense in the plant body 26.3. Signaling pathways during induced resistance (ISR and SAR) 26.4. Elicitors produced by FBCA 26.5. Transgenic approach for plant protection using BCA genes 26.6. Siderophore in plant immune defense response 26.7. ACCD [1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) deaminase] mediated plant defense 26.8. Induction of plant resistance/plant protection mechanisms by mycorrhizal fungi-plant interaction 26.9. Chemical interaction of the mycorrhizal fungi with the host 26.10. Genes and signaling pathway involved in the induction of resistance of host by mycorrhizal fungi 26.11. Yeasts as BCA, induction of disease resistance signaling pathways in host plant 26.12. The three-way talk/interaction analysis: Trichoderma-plant-pathogen 26.13. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Further reading Chapter 27: Ecological studies of fungal biodiversity in freshwater and their broad-spectrum applications 27.1. Introduction 27.2. Diversity of fungi 27.3. Ecological impact on fungal biodiversity 27.4. Occurrence 27.5. Reproduction 27.6. Uses of fungi 27.6.1. Drugs 27.6.2. Cultured foods 27.6.3. Pest control 27.6.4. Bioremediation 27.7. Significance References Chapter 28: CRISPR/Cas system: A powerful approach for enhanced resistance against rice blast 28.1. Introduction 28.2. Concept-proof demonstration of CRISPR/Cas system in rice 28.3. Engineering rice blast resistance through CRISPR tool-kit 28.4. Perspectives for genome-edited blast-resistant rice References Chapter 29: Regulatory requirement for commercialization of biocontrol agents 29.1. Introduction 29.2. Biocontrol agents 29.2.1. Bacteria 29.2.2. Fungi 29.2.3. Viruses 29.2.4. Screening for commercialization of biocontrol agents 29.3. Regulatory requirements: Indian and global perspective 29.4. Summary and conclusion Annexure. List of efficacious biocontrol agents Acknowledgment References Index Back Cover