Faust’s Anesthesiology Review

Description

Authored by current and former physicians at the Mayo Clinic, Faust's Anesthesiology Review, 5th Edition, combines comprehensive coverage of essential anesthesiology knowledge with an easy-to-use format, reflecting the latest advances in the field. This outstanding review tool offers concise content on everything needed for certification, recertification, or as a refresher for anesthesiology practice, covering a broad range of important and timely topics. Save valuable time with this trusted resource as you master the latest advances, procedures, guidelines, and protocols in anesthesiology. Provides in-depth, yet succinct clinical synopses of all topic areas found on the ABA/ASA exam, with the perfect amount of information to ensure exam success. Contains 28 new chapters, including Blood Product Conservation, Tranexamic Acid Use in Orthopedic Surgery, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation, Cardiovascular Opioids, Anesthesia for Patients with Rheumatoid Arthritis, Neurointerventional Anesthesiology, and the Perioperative Surgical Home. Features a new chapter on Sugammadex, the neuromuscular reversal drug that is changing anesthesia practice; a new chapter on Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) protocols; and up-to-date information on opioid dependence. Front Cover......Page 0 Inside Front Cover......Page 2 Faust's Anesthesiology Review......Page 3 Copyright Page......Page 6 Dedication......Page 7 Contributors......Page 8 Preface......Page 23 Foreword......Page 24 Table Of Contents......Page 25 Video Contents......Page 33 1 Medical Gas Supply......Page 35 Electrical Supply......Page 37 Thermal Injury......Page 38 Prevention......Page 39 Suggested Readings......Page 41 Variables Affecting Vapor Concentration......Page 42 2. Vaporizer in Use......Page 43 Absorbent Chemistry......Page 44 Suggested Readings......Page 45 Retention of Carbon Dioxide......Page 46 Sidestream Versus Mainstream Sampling......Page 47 Capnograms......Page 48 7 Tracheal Tubes......Page 50 Supraglottic Airways......Page 53 Facemasks......Page 54 Suggested Readings......Page 55 Stimulation of Airway Reflexes......Page 56 Ignition......Page 57 Suggested Readings......Page 58 Airway Pressure Monitors......Page 59 Disconnect Alarm Management......Page 60 Accuracy......Page 61 Electrocautery......Page 62 Suggested Readings......Page 63 Cardiac Output......Page 64 Equipment and Cannulation......Page 65 Dynamic Indexes of Fluid Responsiveness......Page 66 Neuromuscular Physiology......Page 67 Train-of-Four Stimulation......Page 68 Quantitative Monitoring of the Neuromuscular Junction......Page 69 The Evoked Potential Waveform......Page 70 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials......Page 71 Electromyography......Page 72 Suggested Readings......Page 73 The Oxyhemoglobin Dissociation Curve......Page 75 15 Blood Gas Temperature Correction......Page 76 pH-Stat Versus α-Stat......Page 77 Pneumotaxic Center......Page 78 Central......Page 79 Carbon Dioxide Transport......Page 80 Renal System......Page 81 Suggested Readings......Page 82 Surface Tension at the Alveolar Gas/Liquid Interface......Page 83 Principles of Gas Flow and Resistance......Page 84 Suggested Readings......Page 85 Pulmonary Blood Flow......Page 86 Dead Space......Page 87 Suggested Readings......Page 88 Measurement of Functional Residual Capacity......Page 89 Forced Expiratory Spirography......Page 90 Tests of Efficiency of Gas Exchange......Page 91 Suggested Readings......Page 92 Management......Page 93 Clinical Features......Page 95 Management......Page 96 Ventilation/Perfusion Mismatch......Page 97 Acknowledgment......Page 98 Suggested Readings......Page 99 23 Cardiac Cycle......Page 100 Control......Page 101 Synchronicity......Page 102 24 Physiologic Determinants of Cardiac Output......Page 103 Preload......Page 104 Summary......Page 105 Coronary Perfusion Pressure......Page 106 Other Factors......Page 107 Narrow Complex Tachycardia......Page 108 Wide Complex Tachycardia......Page 109 Diagnosis......Page 110 27 Bradyarrhythmias......Page 111 Intraoperative Bradycardia......Page 112 Other Causes of Bradycardia......Page 113 Sympathetic Nervous System......Page 114 Functional Effects......Page 117 Anatomy......Page 118 Neurotransmitters......Page 119 Receptor Subtypes......Page 120 Sympathomimetic Amines......Page 121 Cerebral Metabolic Rate......Page 122 Carbon Dioxide Reactivity......Page 123 Intravenously Administered Anesthetic Agents......Page 124 Neuromuscular Junction......Page 125 Nerve Terminal Depolarization......Page 126 Presynaptic Receptors......Page 127 Suggested Readings......Page 128 Tubular Reabsorption......Page 129 Fractional Excretion of Sodium......Page 133 Blood Urea Nitrogen......Page 134 Suggested Readings......Page 135 Types of Acid-Base Disorders......Page 136 Metabolic Acidosis......Page 137 Respiratory Acidosis......Page 138 Hyperkalemia......Page 139 Hypercalcemia......Page 140 Suggested Readings......Page 141 Hepatic Blood Flow......Page 142 Suggested Readings......Page 143 Low–Extraction Ratio Elimination......Page 144 Phase 2 Reactions......Page 145 Suggested Readings......Page 146 Interior of the Larynx......Page 147 Considerations With the Infant Larynx......Page 148 Coronary Circulation......Page 149 Myocardial Conduction System......Page 151 Suggested Readings......Page 152 Standard Views......Page 153 Anterior Circulation......Page 155 Posterior Circulation......Page 156 Suggested Readings......Page 157 Blood Supply......Page 158 Suggested Readings......Page 163 Anatomy of the Brachial Plexus......Page 164 Suggested Readings......Page 165 44 Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of General Anesthesia......Page 167 Protein-Based Hypotheses......Page 168 Selected Readings......Page 169 Solubility......Page 170 Second Gas Effect......Page 171 Suggested Readings......Page 172 Minimum Alveolar Partial Pressure......Page 173 Derivatives of Minimum Alveolar Concentration......Page 174 Suggested Readings......Page 175 Right-to-Left Shunt......Page 176 Suggested Readings......Page 177 Minimum Alveolar Concentration......Page 178 Shunts......Page 179 Suggested Readings......Page 180 Neurologic Toxicity......Page 181 Middle Ear......Page 182 Systemic Vascular Resistance......Page 183 Sensitivity to Epinephrine......Page 184 Suggested Readings......Page 185 Neuroprotection vs. Neurotoxicity......Page 186 Pneumocephalus......Page 187 Suggested Readings......Page 188 Physiologic Effects......Page 189 Breakdown Products......Page 190 Hepatic Blood Supply......Page 191 Hepatic Metabolism of Inhaled Anesthetic Agents......Page 192 Suggested Readings......Page 193 Respiratory System......Page 194 Suggested Readings......Page 195 Central Nervous System......Page 196 Pediatric Effects......Page 197 Structure......Page 198 Cardiovascular System......Page 199 Clinical Use......Page 200 Suggested Readings......Page 201 Central Nervous System Effects......Page 202 Opioid-Induced Hyperalgesia......Page 203 Clinical Use......Page 204 Pharmacology......Page 205 Succinylcholine-Associated Apnea......Page 206 Increased Intragastric Pressure......Page 207 Alterations in Sensitivity......Page 208 Vecuronium......Page 209 Suggested Readings......Page 210 Respiratory Effects......Page 211 Teratogenicity and Carcinogenicity......Page 212 Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors......Page 213 Sugammadex......Page 216 Pharmacology......Page 217 Considerations in Select Populations......Page 219 Atropine......Page 220 Scopolamine......Page 221 Suggested Readings......Page 222 Organ Effects Outside of the Central Nervous System......Page 223 Cardiovascular System......Page 224 Metabolism......Page 225 Suggested Readings......Page 226 Metabolism......Page 227 Adverse Effects......Page 228 Clinical Implications......Page 229 Milrinone......Page 230 Norepinephrine......Page 231 Suggested Readings......Page 232 Clinical Implications......Page 233 Vasopressin......Page 234 Epinephrine......Page 235 Suggested Readings......Page 236 Toxicity......Page 237 Mechanism of Action......Page 238 Metabolism......Page 239 Adverse Effects......Page 240 Indications for β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade......Page 241 Acknowledgments......Page 243 Classes of Drugs......Page 244 Verapamil......Page 245 Suggested Readings......Page 246 Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 247 Classification of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors......Page 248 Aldosterone Antagonists......Page 249 Suggested Readings......Page 250 Resorcinols......Page 251 Methylxanthines......Page 252 Suggested Readings......Page 253 Metabolic Acidosis......Page 254 Neonatal Acidosis From Apnea and Circulatory Collapse......Page 255 Hemolytic Transfusion Reaction......Page 256 Suggested Readings......Page 257 Serotonin Syndrome......Page 258 Suggested Readings......Page 259 Mechanism of Action......Page 260 Cardiovascular System......Page 261 Suggested Readings......Page 262 Antidopaminergic Drugs......Page 263 α2-Agonists......Page 264 Suggested Readings......Page 265 Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Hetastarch and Pentastarch......Page 267 Suggested Readings......Page 268 Crossmatch......Page 269 Red Blood Cells: Collection, Storage, and Administration......Page 270 Red Blood Cell Transfusion......Page 271 Indications for Platelet Transfusion......Page 272 Suggested Readings......Page 273 Intraoperative Complications......Page 274 Postoperative Complications......Page 275 Pathophysiology......Page 276 Complications......Page 277 Suggested Readings......Page 278 Anaphylactic Reactions......Page 279 Hypotensive Transfusion Reactions......Page 280 Posttransfusion Purpura (PTP)......Page 281 Immunomodulation......Page 282 Coronary Artery Disease......Page 283 Transfusion Protocols......Page 284 Desmopressin......Page 285 Suggested Readings......Page 286 Assessing Surgical Risk......Page 287 Applying the Revised American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Guidelines......Page 288 Perioperative β-Adrenergic Receptor Blockade......Page 289 Suggested Readings......Page 290 Respiratory Outcomes......Page 291 Surgery Represents an Excellent Opportunity for Smoking Cessation......Page 292 Pathophysiology......Page 293 Screening for OSA......Page 294 Patients With Diagnosed OSA......Page 295 Perioperative Considerations and Risk-Mitigation Strategies......Page 296 Suggested Readings......Page 297 Risk Factors......Page 298 Treatment......Page 299 Metabolism......Page 300 Anesthetic Management of Patients With Alcohol Use Disorders......Page 301 Serotonin Specific Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)......Page 302 Non-Allergic Reactions......Page 303 Prevention of Latex Allergy......Page 304 91 The Evaluation and Management of Prolonged Emergence From Anesthesia......Page 305 Anesthetic Agents......Page 306 Neurologic Causes of Delayed Emergence......Page 307 92 Delirium in the Postanesthesia Care Unit......Page 308 Predisposing and Perioperative Risk Factors......Page 309 Outcomes and Long-Term Consequences......Page 310 Suggested Readings......Page 311 Nerve Cell Membrane and Depolarization......Page 313 Action of Local Anesthetic Agents......Page 314 Dose of Local Anesthetic Agent......Page 315 Methemoglobinemia......Page 316 Liposuction......Page 317 Epinephrine......Page 318 Alpha-2 Agonists: Clonidine and Dexmedetomidine......Page 319 Liposomal Bupivacaine......Page 320 Suggested Readings......Page 321 NSAIDs......Page 322 Ketamine......Page 323 Terminology......Page 324 Local Anesthetic Agents......Page 325 Parabulbar (Sub-Tenon’s) Block......Page 326 Suggested Readings......Page 327 Spinal Anesthetic Agents......Page 328 Emerging Concerns in Neuraxial Anesthesia......Page 329 Identification of the Epidural Space......Page 330 Selection and Dose of Local Anesthetic Agent......Page 331 Suggested Readings......Page 333 Advantages......Page 334 Suggested Readings......Page 335 Vitamin K Antagonists (Warfarin)......Page 336 Low Molecular Weight Heparin......Page 337 Apixaban......Page 338 Antiplatelet Medications......Page 339 Technique......Page 340 Supraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block......Page 342 Axillary Brachial Plexus Block......Page 343 Side Effects and Complications......Page 345 Contraindications......Page 346 Landmarks......Page 347 Complications......Page 348 PEC Block Performance......Page 349 Complications......Page 350 Relevant Anatomy......Page 351 Clinical Applications......Page 352 Anatomy and Technique......Page 353 Adverse Effects and Complications......Page 354 Posterior Approach (Labat)......Page 355 Suggested Readings......Page 356 Technique......Page 357 Ultrasound-Guided Block......Page 358 Introduction......Page 359 Complications......Page 360 Use in “High-Risk” Populations......Page 361 Ultrasound Imaging Physics......Page 362 Ultrasound Equipment......Page 363 Ultrasound Imaging Artifacts......Page 364 Suggested Readings......Page 366 108 Cerebral Protection......Page 367 Glucose Metabolism......Page 368 Suggested Readings......Page 369 Intracranial Elastance......Page 370 Fluids......Page 371 Suggested Readings......Page 372 Implantation of Deep Brain Stimulators......Page 373 Resective Procedures......Page 374 Suggested Readings......Page 375 Preoperative Assessment and Patient Selection......Page 376 MAC......Page 377 Suggested Readings......Page 378 Aneurysm Rupture......Page 379 Anesthetic Management......Page 380 Suggested Readings......Page 381 Acromegaly......Page 382 Pituitary Hyperthyroidism......Page 383 Suggested Readings......Page 384 Advantages of the Sitting Position......Page 385 Monitoring......Page 386 Suggested Readings......Page 387 Morbidity and Mortality......Page 388 Treatment......Page 389 116 Perioperative Implications of Caring for Patients With Epilepsy......Page 390 Effect of Antiepileptic Drugs on Perioperative Patient Care......Page 391 Progression of EEG During Induction of General Anesthesia......Page 392 Etomidate......Page 393 Suggested Readings......Page 394 Physiologic Effects......Page 395 Somatosensory Evoked Potentials......Page 396 Suggested Readings......Page 397 Metabolic Considerations......Page 398 Suggested Readings......Page 399 Surgery......Page 400 Intraoperative Neuromonitoring......Page 401 Positioning......Page 402 Suggested Readings......Page 403 Monitoring for Myocardial Injury and Infarction......Page 405 Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome......Page 406 Suggested Readings......Page 407 Chronic Heart Failure......Page 408 Treatment of Heart Failure......Page 409 Electrocardiography of the Right Ventricle......Page 410 Afterload......Page 411 Evaluation and Treatment of Right Ventricular Dysfunction......Page 412 Tricuspid Regurgitation......Page 414 Suggested Readings......Page 415 Total Artificial Heart......Page 416 Preoperative Considerations......Page 417 Postoperative Management......Page 419 Suggested Readings......Page 420 Recommendations......Page 421 Suggested Readings......Page 423 Cardiopulmonary Bypass Hemodynamics and Hemodilution......Page 424 Suggested Readings......Page 425 Disadvantages......Page 426 Surgical Considerations......Page 427 Preoperative Assessment......Page 428 Visoelastic Measurement of Coagulation......Page 429 Platelet Function Monitoring......Page 430 Suggested Readings......Page 431 Administration and Monitoring of Heparin During Cardiopulmonary Bypass......Page 432 Heparin Alternatives for Cardiopulmonary Bypass......Page 433 Suggested Readings......Page 434 Natural History......Page 435 Surgical Correction......Page 436 Anesthesia for Patients With Aortic Stenosis Undergoing Noncardiac Surgery......Page 437 Pathophysiology of Mitral Regurgitation......Page 438 Natural History of Mitral Regurgitation......Page 440 Anesthetic Considerations in the Patient With Mitral Regurgitation......Page 441 Suggested Readings......Page 444 Patient Selection......Page 445 Devices and Insertion Techniques......Page 446 Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement/Transcatheter Aortic Valve Implantation......Page 447 Suggested Readings......Page 449 Preoperative Evaluation/Preparation......Page 450 Electromagnetic Interference......Page 451 Acknowledgement......Page 452 Suggested Readings......Page 453 The Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator System......Page 454 Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator Magnets......Page 455 Intraoperative Management......Page 456 Suggested Readings......Page 457 Indications......Page 458 Acknowledgment......Page 459 The Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation Circuit......Page 460 Fraction of Oxygen in the Sweep Gas......Page 461 Indications......Page 462 Indications for Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation in Respiratory Failure......Page 463 Infections......Page 464 Suggested Readings......Page 465 Blood Pressure......Page 466 Chronic Opioid Therapy and Cardiovascular Morbidity and Mortality......Page 467 Suggesteds Reading......Page 468 Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (Additional Information in Chapter 31)......Page 469 Premedication......Page 470 Suggested Readings......Page 471 Preoperative Preparation......Page 472 Treatment of Hypoxemia for Bronchoscopy......Page 473 Bronchoscopy Management of Central Airway Obstruction......Page 474 Suggested Readings......Page 475 Tube Selection......Page 476 Double-Lumen Tube Placement Technique......Page 477 Mechanism of Hypoxemia......Page 478 Preoperative and Intraoperative Condition of the Dependent Lung......Page 479 Miscellaneous Causes of Hypoxemia......Page 480 Etiology......Page 481 Anesthetic Considerations......Page 482 Physics and Physiology......Page 483 High-Frequency Oscillatory Ventilation......Page 484 144 Thoracotomy Pain Management......Page 485 Spinal Opioids......Page 486 Suggested Readings......Page 487 Regional Anesthetic Agents......Page 489 Mechanisms and Prevention of Perioperative Hypothermia......Page 490 Hyperglycemia......Page 491 Oxygen Tension......Page 493 Suggested Readings......Page 494 Airway and Pulmonary Effects......Page 495 Pharmacologic Implications......Page 496 Suggested Readings......Page 497 Surgical Procedures for Weight Loss......Page 498 Facility Expertise......Page 500 Introduction......Page 501 TURP Syndrome......Page 502 Prevention of Complications......Page 503 Technical Aspects......Page 504 Complications......Page 506 151 Anesthesia for Laryngeal Surgery......Page 507 Vocal Cord Surgery......Page 508 Suggested Readings......Page 510 Management of the Difficult Airway......Page 511 Trauma Patients......Page 513 Patient Counseling......Page 514 Preoperative Optimization......Page 515 Pain Management......Page 517 Suggested Readings......Page 518 154 Monitored Anesthesia Care......Page 519 Suggested Readings......Page 520 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Safety......Page 521 Anesthetic Management......Page 522 Suggested Readings......Page 523 Preoperative Assessment......Page 524 Acknowledgement......Page 525 Suggested Readings......Page 526 Treatment......Page 527 Background......Page 528 Operational Considerations......Page 529 Patient Safety......Page 530 Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography......Page 531 Introduction......Page 532 Spectrum of Sedation and Anesthesia......Page 533 Neurologic Interventional Radiologic Imaging......Page 534 Carotid Artery Stenting......Page 535 Cerebral Aneurysms......Page 536 Suggested Readings......Page 537 Complications of Diabetes......Page 538 Preoperative Assessment......Page 539 Suggested Readings......Page 540 The Patient With Known Thyroid Disease......Page 541 Suggested Readings......Page 542 Treatment......Page 543 Suggested Readings......Page 544 Intraoperative Anesthetic Management......Page 545 165 Anesthesia for Patients With Hepatocellular Disease......Page 546 Anesthesia Considerations......Page 547 166 Anesthesia for the Patient Undergoing Liver Transplantation......Page 548 Anesthesia......Page 549 Coagulation and Transfusion Management......Page 550 Pathophysiology of Autonomic Dysreflexia......Page 551 Clinical Features......Page 552 Prevention and Treatment......Page 553 SUGGESTED READINGS......Page 554 Hepatic Function......Page 555 Neurologic System......Page 556 Uterine Physiology......Page 557 Antepartum Fetal Assessment......Page 558 Intrapartum Fetal Monitoring......Page 559 References......Page 560 Epidural Analgesia......Page 561 Nitrous Oxide......Page 563 Suggested Readings......Page 564 Labor Analgesia......Page 565 Suggested Readings......Page 566 Tocolytic Agents......Page 567 Suggested Readings......Page 568 Etiology and Pathophysiology......Page 569 Treatment......Page 570 Suggested Readings......Page 571 Emergent or Urgent Cesarean Delivery......Page 572 Suggested Readings......Page 573 Preoperative Preparation......Page 574 Suggested Readings......Page 575 176 Anesthesia for Fetal Surgery......Page 576 Anesthesia for Open Fetal Surgery......Page 577 Anesthesia for Ex Utero Intrapartum Treatment Procedures......Page 579 177 Anesthesia for External Cephalic Version......Page 580 Suggested Readings......Page 582 Postpartum Hemorrhage......Page 583 Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage......Page 584 Suggested Readings......Page 585 Local Anesthesia......Page 586 Neuraxial Anesthesia......Page 587 180 Maternal Diabetes......Page 588 Suggested Readings......Page 589 Data: Clinical Studies......Page 591 Association......Page 593 Apnea......Page 594 Necrotizing Enterocolitis......Page 595 Pharmacologic Concerns......Page 596 Pathophysiology of Meconium Passage in Utero......Page 597 Treatment Before Delivery......Page 598 Suggested Readings......Page 599 Development Neuroscience......Page 600 Anesthetic and Sedative Drugs......Page 601 Conclusion......Page 602 Suggested Readings......Page 603 Transition to Neonatal Circulation......Page 604 Suggested Readings......Page 606 Vocal Folds......Page 607 Suggested Readings......Page 608 Fluid Replacement......Page 609 Glucose Management......Page 610 Depolarizing Neuromuscular Blocking Agent: Succinylcholine......Page 611 Mivacurium......Page 612 Etiology, Embryology, and Pathophysiology......Page 613 Prenatal Management: Fetal Endoscopic Tracheal Occlusion (FETO)......Page 614 Surgery and Timing......Page 615 Suggested Readings......Page 616 Goldenhar Syndrome......Page 617 Anesthetic Management of the Difficult Pediatric Airway......Page 618 191 Congenital Heart Disease......Page 619 Anesthetic Management......Page 620 Tracheoesophageal Fistula......Page 621 Omphalocele......Page 622 193 Neonatal Resuscitation......Page 623 Neonatal Resuscitation Program Basics......Page 624 Unique Considerations......Page 626 194 Pyloric Stenosis......Page 627 Suggested Readings......Page 628 Mapleson A Circuit......Page 629 Mapleson D Circuit......Page 630 196 Croup Versus Epiglottitis......Page 632 Acute Epiglottitis......Page 633 Introduction......Page 634 Intraoperative......Page 635 Clinical Manifestations......Page 636 Head and Neck Abnormalities......Page 637 Suggested Readings......Page 638 Muscular Dystrophy......Page 639 Suggested Readings......Page 640 Coexisting Organ System Dysfunction......Page 641 Induction of Anesthesia and Airway Management......Page 642 Suggested Readings......Page 643 Femoral......Page 644 References......Page 645 Peripheral Terminal......Page 647 Dorsal Root Ganglion......Page 648 Nerve Injury......Page 649 Suggested Readings......Page 650 Ketamine......Page 651 Intrathecal Drug Delivery System......Page 652 204 Patient-Controlled Analgesia......Page 653 Initial Setup......Page 654 Suggested Readings......Page 655 205 Neuraxial Opioids......Page 656 Definitions......Page 657 Etiology......Page 658 Procedural Techniques......Page 659 Postdural Puncture Headache......Page 660 Patient Characteristics Associated With Postoperative Headache......Page 661 Mechanisms of Cancer Pain......Page 662 Adjuvant Analgesic Agents......Page 663 Neuraxial Administered Analgesia......Page 664 Other Approaches......Page 665 Pathophysiology......Page 666 Surgical Procedures......Page 667 Medication Options......Page 668 Suggested Readings......Page 669 Technique......Page 670 Acknowledgement......Page 671 Technique......Page 672 Fluoroscopically-Guided Technique......Page 673 Suggested Readings......Page 674 Procedure......Page 675 Adverse Effects......Page 676 Patient Selection......Page 677 Outcome Studies......Page 678 Suggested Readings......Page 679 Pulmonary Effects......Page 681 Cardiovascular Effects......Page 682 Suggested Readings......Page 683 Intraoperative Management of Glycemic Control......Page 684 Hypoglycemia......Page 685 Introduction......Page 686 Management......Page 687 Venovenous Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation......Page 688 Pathophysiology......Page 689 Treatment of Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 690 Regional Techniques......Page 691 Suggested Readings......Page 692 Intraoperative Monitoring......Page 693 Postoperative Management......Page 694 Causes and Treatment......Page 695 221 Sepsis and Septic Shock......Page 696 Initial Resuscitation......Page 698 Antibiotic Therapy and Source Control......Page 699 Corticosteroids......Page 700 Supportive Therapy......Page 701 Suggested Readings......Page 702 Preoperative Evaluation of the Patient With Burns......Page 703 Patient Care......Page 704 Suggested Readings......Page 705 A Method of Resolving an Ethical Dilemma......Page 707 Suggested Readings......Page 708 Obtaining Informed Consent When Treating the Incompetent or Minor Patient......Page 709 Elements of Malpractice Actions......Page 710 Suggested Readings......Page 711 Overview of Adverse Outcomes and Their Causes......Page 712 Massive Hemorrhage......Page 713 227 Depth of Anesthesia......Page 714 Brain Function Monitoring......Page 715 Suggested Readings......Page 716 Quality Improvement......Page 717 Suggested Readings......Page 718 Use of Medications and Preoperative Fasting......Page 719 Management of Perioperative Pulmonary Aspiration......Page 720 Corneal Injury......Page 721 Blood Pressure Management.......Page 722 Prevention......Page 723 Suggested Readings......Page 724 Lower Extremity Positioning......Page 725 Complications Related to Hyperlordosis......Page 726 Complications of Lower Extremity Positioning......Page 727 Complications of Steep Trendelenburg Position......Page 728 Complications Related to Head Positioning......Page 729 Suggested Readings......Page 730 Genetics of Malignant Hyperthermia......Page 731 Anesthesia for Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Patients......Page 732 Clinical Features......Page 733 Other Substances......Page 734 Introduction......Page 735 Safe Central Line Use, Maintenance, and Removal......Page 736 Suggested Readings......Page 737 Evaluation of Scientific Literature......Page 739 Suggested Readings......Page 740 Background and Timeline......Page 741 Anesthesia Considerations......Page 742 Improvement Activities Domains......Page 743 Who Are the Stakeholders in the Perioperative Surgical Home Model?......Page 744 What Types of Institutions Are Piloting the Perioperative Surgical Home Model?......Page 745 Conclusion......Page 746 238 Licensure, Credentialing, and Privileging......Page 747 License Renewal, Reappointment, and Continuation of Clinical Privileges......Page 748 Primary Certification Examination Process......Page 749 ABA Staged Examinations......Page 750 Suggested Readings......Page 751 Limits of Liability—How Much Is Covered?......Page 752 Suggested Readings......Page 753 Benefits/Disadvantages......Page 754 242 Medical Coding and Payment Systems......Page 755 Current Procedural Terminology Code Development and Valuation Process......Page 756 Illustration 2......Page 757 Suggested Readings......Page 758 Intervention......Page 759 Suggested Readings......Page 760 A......Page 761 B......Page 763 C......Page 764 D......Page 767 E......Page 768 F......Page 769 H......Page 770 I......Page 771 L......Page 773 M......Page 774 N......Page 775 P......Page 777 R......Page 780 S......Page 781 T......Page 782 V......Page 784 Z......Page 785 Inside Back Cover......Page 787