Energy: Supply and Demand

Description

Focusing on trends in energy supply and demand, this text provides students with a comprehensive account of the subject and an understanding of how to use data analysis and modeling to make future projections and study climate impacts. Developments in technology and policy are discussed in depth, including the role of coal, the fracking revolutions for oil and gas, the electricity grid, wind and solar power, battery storage, and biofuels. Trends in demand are also detailed, with analysis of industrial demands such as LEDs, air conditioning, heat pumps, and information technology, and the transportation demands of railroads, ships, and cars (including electric vehicles). The environmental impacts of the energy industry are considered throughout, and a full chapter is dedicated to climate change. Real-life case studies and examples add context, and over 400 full-color figures illustrate key concepts. Accompanied by a package of online resources including solutions, video examples, sample data, and PowerPoint slides, this is an ideal text for courses on energy and is accessible to a range of students from engineering and related disciplines. Contents Preface 1 Preliminaries 1.1 Plan of the Book 1.2 Units 1.2.1 Capacity Factors 1.2.2 Payback Times 1.3 Efficiency 1.3.1 Conservation and Efficiency 1.3.2 The Jevons Paradox 1.4 Energy Production 1.4.1 The Alternatives 1.4.2 Per-Person Consumption 1.5 Population 1.5.1 Doubling Times 1.5.2 The United Nations Projections 1.5.3 Growth-Rate Plots 1.6 Energy and the Economy 1.6.1 Oil Consumption and GDP 1.6.2 Electricity Generation and GDP 1.6.3 Electricity Access and Poverty 1.7 Agriculture 1.7.1 Life Expectancy and the Green Revolution 1.7.2 Thomas Malthus on Population 1.8 Fossil-Fuel Independence 1.8.1 Europe Turns toward the New Alternatives 1.8.2 Calculating Annualized Growth Rates 1.9 Carbon-Dioxide Emissions 1.9.1 The Kyoto Protocol and the Paris Agreement 1.9.2 Fossil-Fuel Production and Carbon-Dioxide Levels Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 2 Horses, Whales, and Wood 2.1 Horses 2.1.1 Horses and Mules at Work 2.1.2 The Transition from Horses and Mules to Tractors and Cars 2.2 Whales 2.2.1 Yankee Whalers 2.2.2 Whale Oil and Kerosene 2.2.3 A Logistic Model for Whale Oil Production 2.2.4 The Sperm Candle Lighting Efficacy Standard 2.3 Wood 2.3.1 Wood Fuel and Industrial Roundwood Production 2.3.2 Charcoal and Wood Gas 2.3.3 The Transition from Wood to Coal 2.3.4 Timber Density 2.4 The Norse Greenland Colony 2.4.1 The Greenland Colony and Climate 2.4.2 The Inuit in Greenland Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 3 Models 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 Types of Statements about the Future 3.1.2 The R/P Ratio 3.2 The Decaying Exponential Model 3.2.1 The Prudhoe Bay Oil Field 3.2.2 The Laherrere Linearization for Prudhoe Bay 3.3 The Logistic Model 3.3.1 The Hubbert Linearization 3.3.2 The Logit Transform Linearization 3.4 Reserves, Resources, and Occurrences 3.4.1 Original Reserves 3.4.2 Oil Reserves History 3.4.3 Coal Resources History 3.5 An Economic Model 3.6 Statistical Formulas Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 4 Coal 4.1 Introduction 4.1.1 Coal consumption 4.1.2 Coal in Electricity Generation 4.2 Origins 4.2.1 Formation of Coal 4.2.2 Ranks of Coal 4.3 Mining Coal 4.3.1 Longwall Mining 4.3.2 Surface Mining 4.4 Impacts 4.4.1 The Aberfan Disaster 4.4.2 Air Pollution from Coal 4.5 British Coal 4.5.1 Stanley Jevons and The Coal Question 4.5.2 The Royal Commission on Coal Supplies 4.6 The Mature Regions 4.6.1 German Hard Coal 4.6.2 Pennsylvania Anthracite 4.6.3 Summary for the Mature Regions 4.7 The Active Regions 4.7.1 Western US Coal 4.7.2 Chinese Coal 4.7.3 Summary for the Active Regions Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 5 Hydrocarbons 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Edwin Drake and His Well 5.1.2 John D. Rockefeller and Standard Oil 5.1.3 Oil and War 5.1.4 The Texas Railroad Commission and OPEC 5.2 Origins 5.2.1 The Oil Window 5.2.2 Hydrocarbon Traps 5.2.3 Dad Joiner and the East Texas Oil Field 5.3 Drilling for Oil and Gas 5.3.1 Fracking Technology 5.3.2 Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) 5.4 Impacts 5.4.1 The First Gulf War 5.4.2 The Long Beach Subsidence 5.5 King Hubbert and Peak Oil 5.6 Natural Gas 5.6.1 George Mitchell and the Barnett Shale 5.6.2 American Shale Gas Production 5.6.3 Natural Gas Infrastructure 5.7 Projections Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 6 Farming and Fishing 6.1 Introduction 6.1.1 Norman Borlaug and the Green Revolution 6.1.2 The Role of Nitrogen in Agriculture 6.1.3 The Brazilian Cerrado 6.1.4 The Food Supply 6.1.5 Oil and Food 6.2 The Haber–Bosch Process 6.2.1 The Guano Islands 6.2.2 Fritz Haber and Ammonia Synthesis 6.2.3 Carl Bosch and Ammonia Production 6.3 Cereals 6.3.1 Corn 6.3.2 Regional Cereal Production 6.4 Livestock 6.5 Impacts 6.5.1 Agricultural Land 6.5.2 The Destruction of the Aral Sea 6.5.3 The American Endangered Species Act 6.5.4 Agriculture and Water 6.6 Fish 6.6.1 The Destruction of the Newfoundland Cod Fishery 6.6.2 The Pacific Sardine and the Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) 6.6.3 Fish Farming 6.7 Biofuels 6.7.1 Gobar Gas 6.7.2 Liquid Biofuels Production History 6.8 Prospects Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 7 Electricity and the Alternatives 7.1 Introduction 7.1.1 Thomas Edison and the Electrical Grid 7.1.2 Electricity Generation History 7.1.3 Daily Demand Curves 7.1.4 Capital Investments in Electricity Grids 7.1.5 European Residential Electricity 7.1.6 The Electricity Alternatives 7.2 Transmission Lines and Transformers 7.3 Electricity Generators 7.3.1 Three-Phase Systems 7.3.2 Fuel Costs in Fossil-Fuel Generation 7.4 Hydroelectric 7.4.1 Hydroelectric Generation History 7.4.2 The Pelton Wheel and Hydroelectric Power in California 7.4.3 The Francis Turbine and the Hoover Dam 7.5 Nuclear 7.5.1 The Atomic Bomb 7.5.2 Failed Dreams 7.5.3 Nuclear Generation History 7.5.4 The Chernobyl Disaster 7.5.5 The Great Tohoku Tsunami 7.6 Geothermal 7.6.1 The Geysers Field in California 7.6.2 Geothermal Heating in Iceland 7.6.3 The Japanese Onsen 7.7 Wind 7.7.1 Wind Resources 7.7.2 Wind Generation History 7.7.3 The Betz Limit 7.7.4 Wind Variability 7.8 Solar 7.8.1 Solar Resources 7.8.2 The Ivanpah Solar Thermal Plant 7.8.3 Solar Cell Efficiency 7.8.4 Solar Generation History 7.8.5 Solar Variability 7.9 Batteries 7.9.1 Battery Grid Storage 7.9.2 A Model Renewable Grid for California 7.10 Prospects Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 8 Stationary Demand 8.1 Introduction 8.1.1 Passive Cooling 8.1.2 Temperature and Mortality 8.1.3 OECD vs. Non-OECD Stationary Demand 8.2 Lighting 8.2.1 Nick Holonyak and His Light-Emitting Diode (LED) 8.2.2 LED Efficacy Limits 8.2.3 Prospects for LEDs 8.3 Electric Motors 8.3.1 The Universal Motor 8.3.2 Nikola Tesla and His Induction Motor 8.4 Heating and Cooling 8.4.1 The Comfort Zone 8.4.2 Heating with a Stove 8.4.3 Evaporative Coolers 8.4.4 Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 8.4.5 Inline Water Heaters 8.4.6 Split-Zone Systems 8.5 Information Technology 8.5.1 The Jevons Paradox in Information Technology 8.5.2 Bitcoin Mining 8.6 The Rosenfeld Effect 8.6.1 Refrigerator Efficiency 8.6.2 A State Residential Efficiency Model 8.7 Trends in Residential Energy Demand Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 9 Transportation Demand 9.1 Introduction 9.1.1 Henry Ford and His Model T 9.1.2 Transportation Energy Demand 9.1.3 Electric Vehicles 9.1.4 Transportation Oil Demand 9.1.5 Commuting 9.1.6 Freight 9.2 Roads 9.2.1 The American Interstate Highway System 9.2.2 Vehicle Fuel Efficiency 9.3 Rails 9.3.1 The Japanese Shinkansen 9.3.2 American Rail Freight 9.4 Impacts 9.4.1 The Wreck of the MMA-002 Oil Train 9.4.2 “A Brown LA Haze” 9.4.3 The Volkswagen Diesel Scandal 9.5 By Sea 9.5.1 From Sails to Engines 9.5.2 Ocean Freight 9.6 By Air 9.6.1 Flight Range 9.6.2 Airline Passenger Travel 9.7 Prospects for Self-Driving Cars Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading 10 Climate Change 10.1 Introduction 10.1.1 The Callendar Effect 10.1.2 California Forest Fires 10.2 Carbon Dioxide 10.3 Sea Level 10.4 Temperature Indexes 10.4.1 The Central England Temperature Index 10.4.2 The HadCRUT4 Index 10.4.3 Radiative Forcing and HadCRUT4 10.4.4 Summer Maximums and Winter Minimums in the United States 10.5 Projections 10.6 Summary Concepts to Review Problems Further Reading Index