A History of Medicine, Third Edition

Description

Designed for survey courses in the field A History of Medicine presents a wide-ranging overview for those seeking a solid grounding in the medical history of Western and non-Western cultures. Invaluable to instructors promoting the history of medicine in pre-professional training, and stressing major themes in the history of medicine, this third edition continues to stimulate further exploration of the events, methodologies, and theories that have shaped medical practices in decades past and continue to do so today. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface Authors 1. Paleopathology and paleomedicine Paleopathology: Methods and problems Diagnosing prehistoric diseases and injuries Mummies and signs of disease The Iceman Paleomedicine and surgery Healing rituals, traditions, and magic Suggested readings 2. Medicine in ancient civilizations: Mesopotamia and Egypt Mesopotamia Hammurabi’s code of laws Egypt The medical papyri Suggested readings 3. The medical traditions of India and China India Ayurvedic medicine, the science of life Surgery, anatomy, and dissection Chinese medicine: Classical, traditional, and modern The three celestial emperors: Fu Hsi, Shen Nung, and Huang Ti Classical Chinese concepts of anatomy Acupuncture and moxibustion Drug lore and dietetics Surgery The Chinese cultural sphere Medical practice in modern China Suggested readings 4. Greco-Roman medicine Philosophy and medicine Hippocrates and the Hippocratic tradition The nature of disease and the doctrine of the four humors The cult of Asclepius, god of medicine Alexandrian science and medicine Medicine in the Roman world On Galen and Galenism The Plague of Cyprian Suggested readings 5. The Middle Ages Monasteries and universities Surgery in the Middle Ages Women and medicine Epidemic diseases of the Middle Ages Bubonic plague From leprosy to Hansen’s disease Islamic medicine The great sages of Islamic medicine The strange case of Ibn an-Nafis The survival of Greco-Islamic medicine Suggested readings 6. The Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution The medical humanists Autopsies, art, and anatomy Andreas Vesalius on the fabric of the human body Medicine and surgery The occult sciences: Astrology and alchemy Syphilis, the scourge of the Renaissance Syphilis and human experimentation The discovery of the circulation of the blood Blood transfusion Santorio Santorio and the quantitative method Suggested readings 7. New world cultures and civilizations New World civilizations and the “Columbian exchange” Aztec civilization Mayan civilization Incan civilization Diseases in the Americas Suggested readings 8. The Americanization of Old World medicine The new republic Heroic medicine and the death of George Washington Yellow fever Medical practice and regional distinctiveness The Civil War Medical education and the medical profession The Flexner Report The Flexner Report and the sectarian schools Medical colleges for women and African-Americans Continuing medical education Medical specialization Problems in the modern medical workforce Hospitals, nurses, and nursing schools Suggested readings 9. The medical counterculture Alternative medicine Ellen White and Seventh Day Adventism From Adventist healing to breakfast cereals Nutrition science for the poor Patent medicines Modern diets, paleo, and gluten-free Christian Science Faith healing Religious doctrines and standards of medical care Faith healing and prayer tests Domestic medicine and advice books Medical sects Osteopathy Chiropractic Naturopathy Alternative, complementary, and integrative medicine The National Center for Complementary Medicine Suggested readings 10. Medical theory, medical care, and preventive medicine Thomas Sydenham, the “English Hippocrates” The eighteenth-century foundations of modern medicine Nutrition, malnutrition, health, and disease Smallpox: Inoculation, vaccination, and eradication Edward Jenner, cowpox, and vaccination The global eradication of smallpox Suggested readings 11. The art and science of surgery Anesthesia Laughing gas, ether, and surgical anesthesia Postsurgical infections Childbirth, midwives, obstetricians, and childbed fever Midwives and medical men Antisepsis and asepsis From hospitalism to nosocomial infections Suggested readings 12. Medical microbiology Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Microbes, miasmata, and water-borne diseases Invisible microbes and virology Emerging diseases Biological warfare and bioterrorism Suggested readings 13. Diagnostics and therapeutics The art and science of diagnosis Serum therapy Immunology and antibiotics Natural defenses: Humoral or cellular? Genetics, genomics, and medicine Paradoxical progress Medical errors and medical malpractice Testing the safety and efficacy of drugs Suggested readings 14. The quest for wellness: Public health and environmental concerns Achievements in public health in the United States, 1900–1999 Birth control, Comstock, the pill, and abortion Modern miasmas and human health Hill’s criteria for causation: Occupational diseases and environmental pollution Modern miasmata: Air pollution and human health Poliomyelitis Influenza: The last great plague? Paradoxical progress Suggested readings Epilogue Index