Kennedy, Johnson, and the Nonaligned World

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In 1961, President John F. Kennedy initiated a bold new policy of engaging states that had chosen to remain nonaligned in the Cold War. In a narrative ranging from the White House to the western coast of Africa, to the shores of New Guinea, Robert B. Rakove examines the brief but eventful life of this policy during the presidencies of Kennedy and his successor, Lyndon Baines Johnson. Engagement initially met with real success, but it faltered in the face of serious obstacles, including colonial and regional conflicts, disputes over foreign aid, and the Vietnam War. Its failure paved the way for a lasting hostility between the United States and much of the nonaligned world, with consequences extending to the present. This book offers a sweeping account of a critical period in the relationship between the United States and the Third World. Cover Kennedy, Johnson, and the Nonaligned World Title Copyright Dedication Contents Maps Acknowledgments A Note on Terminology Abbreviations Introduction: A Genuine Departure FROM MELOS TO BANDUNG THE POLICY OF ENGAGEMENT 1 "Walking a Tightrope": Eisenhower and Nonalignment THE EISENHOWER OUTLOOK “ONE OF THE MOST DANGEROUS POLITICAL TRENDS” EISENHOWER AND BANDUNG NEUTRALITY AND MORALITY ASWAN AND ITS AFTERMATH STALLING FOR TIME: GOA AND WEST NEW GUINEA UNDERMINING SUKARNO: INTERVENTION IN SOUTHEAST ASIA INTO AFRICA TOWARD THE NEW FRONTIER 2 Rationales for Engagement: The New Frontiersmen Approach Nonalignment JOHN F. KENNEDY PRAGMATISTS AND CRISIS MANAGERS: BUNDY AND KOMER LIBERAL AND MODERNIZER: WALT WHITMAN ROSTOW THE LIBERAL APPOINTEES: BOWLES, WILLIAMS, AND STEVENSON THE SKEPTICS: RUSK AND BALL LYNDON JOHNSON AND ENGAGEMENT THE ERODING CONSENSUS 3 Conferences Amid Crises: The United States and Nonalignment, 1961–1962 THE BASES OF ENGAGEMENT THE PROBLEM OF CONFERENCES THE ROAD TO BELGRADE INDECISION AT BELGRADE THE AFTERMATH THE BILATERAL ANTIDOTE THE CAIRO ECONOMIC CONFERENCE 1962: THE TURNING OF THE TIDE? 4 "Getting the Worst of Both Worlds": The United States and Colonial Conflicts “THIS UNSPEAKABLE CRIME”: THE CONGOLESE CATACLYSM MORE REGRET THAN ANGER: THE CASE OF GOA THE “HOLDING OPERATION”: WEST NEW GUINEA EVADING THE “FACTS OF LIFE”: PORTUGUESE AFRICA FALL FROM GRACE: THE CAIRO CONFERENCE AND STANLEYVILLE “GETTING THE WORST OF BOTH WORLDS” 5 The "Diffusion of Power" and the Spread of Regional Conflicts GHANA CONFRONTS ITS NEIGHBORS THE MALAYSIAN CONFRONTATION OUT OF THE ICEBOX, INTO THE FIRE: KENNEDY, JOHNSON, AND EGYPT AYUBS OR NEHRUS?: THE UNITED STATES AND SOUTH ASIA, 1961–1964 THE DIFFUSION OF POWER 6 "Our Most Difficult Political Battle": The Question of Aid “THE ROCK-BOTTOM MINIMUM” APPLYING THE LESSONS OF ASWAN THE BACKLASH: 1961–1962 1963: THE DELUGE “THE LIMITS OF THE POSSIBLE”: AID UNDER JOHNSON FEEDING “THE HAND THAT BITES”: EGYPT AND FOOD AID “THIS WILL MAKE US LOOK LIKE SCROOGE”: INDIA AND FOOD AID FREEDOM IN POVERTY SHIFTS IN STRATEGY, SHIFTS IN IMAGE 7 "A Heavy Burden for Us to Bear": The Era of Vietnam NEUTRALISM IN SOUTHEAST ASIA, 1961–1963 “AN IMPRESSION OF DRIFT”: THE DECLINE OF PRESIDENTIAL DIPLOMACY THE EVOLUTION OF NONALIGNMENT THE NONALIGNED STATES AND VIETNAM RHODESIA AND THE LIMITS OF ENGAGEMENT “FORTUITOUS WINDFALLS”: A SEASON OF COUPS TOWARD THE BREACH: VIETNAM AND THE NONALIGNED WORLD, 1966–1967 1967 AND THE AGE OF SOLIDARITY A NEW ERA Conclusion: " A Decent Respect for the Opinions of Mankind" HOW ENGAGEMENT FALTERED WHAT ENGAGEMENT REPRESENTED ENGAGEMENT’S WAKE Bibliography Archival Collections United States United Kingdom France Germany Government Publications: United States Egypt France Yugoslavia United Nations Interviews: Online Sources: Secondary Sources: Index