Integrated Principles of Zoology

Description

Cover......Page 1 Title page......Page 2 Copyright page......Page 3 Contents in brief......Page 4 Table of contents......Page 5 About the Authors......Page 10 Preface......Page 11 CHAPTER 1 Life: Biological Principles and the Science of Zoology......Page 18 1.1 Fundamental Properties of Life......Page 19 1.3 Principles of Science......Page 26 1.4 Theories of Evolution and Heredity......Page 30 Summary......Page 34 CHAPTER 2 The Origin and Chemistry of Life......Page 36 2.1 Water and Life......Page 37 2.2 Organic Molecular Structure of Living Systems......Page 39 2.3 Chemical Evolution......Page 42 2.4 Origin of Living Systems......Page 45 2.5 Precambrian Life......Page 47 Summary......Page 49 CHAPTER 3 Cells as Units of Life......Page 52 3.1 Cell Concept......Page 53 3.2 Organization of Cells......Page 55 3.3 Mitosis and Cell Division......Page 66 Summary......Page 70 CHAPTER 4 Cellular Metabolism......Page 72 4.1 Energy and the Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 73 4.2 The Role of Enzymes......Page 74 4.3 Enzyme Regulation......Page 76 4.4 Chemical Energy Transfer by ATP......Page 77 4.5 Cellular Respiration......Page 78 4.6 Metabolism of Lipids......Page 84 4.7 Metabolism of Proteins......Page 85 Summary......Page 86 CHAPTER 5 Genetics: A Review......Page 88 5.2 Chromosomal Basis of Inheritance......Page 89 5.3 Mendelian Laws of Inheritance......Page 93 5.5 Storage and Transfer of Genetic Information......Page 102 5.6 Gene Mutations......Page 112 Summary......Page 113 CHAPTER 6 Organic Evolution......Page 116 6.1 Origins of Darwinian Evolutionary Theory......Page 117 6.2 Darwinian Evolutionary Theory: The Evidence......Page 120 6.3 Revisions of Darwin’s Theory......Page 138 6.4 Microevolution: Genetic Variation and Change Within Species......Page 139 6.5 Macroevolution: Major Evolutionary Events......Page 145 Summary......Page 147 CHAPTER 7 The Reproductive Process......Page 150 7.1 Nature of the Reproductive Process......Page 151 7.2 The Origin and Maturation of Germ Cells......Page 155 7.3 Reproductive Patterns......Page 159 7.4 Structure of Reproductive Systems......Page 160 7.5 Endocrine Events That Orchestrate Reproduction......Page 162 Summary......Page 169 CHAPTER 8 Principles of Development......Page 171 8.1 Early Concepts: Preformation Versus Epigenesis......Page 172 8.2 Fertilization......Page 173 8.3 Cleavage and Early Development......Page 176 8.4 An Overview of Development Following Cleavage......Page 178 8.5 Mechanisms of Development......Page 180 8.6 Gene Expression During Development......Page 183 8.7 Developmental Patterns in Animals......Page 186 8.9 Vertebrate Development......Page 191 8.10 Development of Systems and Organs......Page 194 Summary......Page 197 CHAPTER 9 Architectural Pattern of an Animal......Page 200 9.1 Hierarchical Organization of Animal Complexity......Page 201 9.2 Animal Body Plans......Page 202 9.3 Components of Animal Bodies......Page 206 9.4 Complexity and Body Size......Page 211 Summary......Page 212 CHAPTER 10 Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals......Page 214 10.1 Linnaeus and Taxonomy......Page 215 10.2 Species......Page 217 10.3 Taxonomic Characters and Phylogenetic Reconstruction......Page 222 10.4 Theories of Taxonomy......Page 224 10.6 Major Subdivisions of the Animal Kingdom......Page 230 Summary......Page 231 CHAPTER 11 Unicellular Eukaryotes......Page 233 11.1 Naming and Identifying Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa......Page 234 11.2 Form and Function......Page 238 11.3 Major Unicellular Eukaryotic Taxa......Page 244 11.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 258 Summary......Page 261 CHAPTER 12 Sponges and Placozoans......Page 263 12.2 Phylum Porifera: Sponges......Page 264 12.3 Phylum Placozoa......Page 274 Summary......Page 275 CHAPTER 13 Cnidarians and Ctenophores......Page 277 13.1 Phylum Cnidaria......Page 278 13.2 Phylum Ctenophora......Page 299 13.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 303 Summary......Page 304 CHAPTER 14 Acoelomorpha, Platyzoa, and Mesozoa......Page 306 14.1 Phylum Acoelomorpha......Page 307 14.2 Clades Within Protostomia......Page 308 14.3 Phylum Platyhelminthes......Page 310 14.4 Phylum Gastrotricha......Page 323 14.5 Clade Gnathifera......Page 325 14.8 Phylum Rotifera......Page 326 14.9 Phylum Acanthocephala......Page 330 14.10 Phylum Mesozoa......Page 331 Summary......Page 333 CHAPTER 15 Polyzoa and Kryptrochozoa......Page 336 15.3 Phylum Entoprocta......Page 338 15.4 Phylum Ectoprocta (Bryozoa)......Page 339 15.7 Phylum Brachiopoda......Page 342 15.8 Phylum Phoronida......Page 343 15.9 Phylum Nemertea (Rhynchocoela)......Page 344 15.10 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 346 Summary......Page 347 CHAPTER 16 Molluscs......Page 349 16.1 Molluscs......Page 350 16.2 Form and Function......Page 352 16.3 Classes of Molluscs......Page 355 16.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 375 Summary......Page 378 CHAPTER 17 Annelids and Allied Taxa......Page 380 17.1 Phylum Annelida, Including Pogonophorans (Siboglinids) and Echiurans......Page 381 17.2 Phylum Sipuncula......Page 398 17.4 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 399 Summary......Page 400 CHAPTER 18 Smaller Ecdysozoans......Page 402 18.1 Phylum Nematoda: Roundworms......Page 403 18.2 Phylum Nematomorpha......Page 411 18.4 Phylum Kinorhyncha......Page 412 18.5 Phylum Priapulida......Page 413 18.7 Phylum Onychophora......Page 414 18.8 Phylum Tardigrada......Page 415 18.9 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 416 Summary......Page 417 CHAPTER 19 Trilobites, Chelicerates, and Myriapods......Page 419 19.1 Phylum Arthropoda......Page 420 19.2 Subphylum Trilobita......Page 423 19.3 Subphylum Chelicerata......Page 424 19.4 Subphylum Myriapoda......Page 431 19.5 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 434 Summary......Page 436 CHAPTER 20 Crustaceans......Page 438 20.1 Subphylum Crustacea......Page 440 20.2 A Brief Survey of Crustaceans......Page 448 20.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 454 Summary......Page 458 CHAPTER 21 Hexapods......Page 460 21.1 Class Insecta......Page 461 21.2 Insects and Human Welfare......Page 479 21.3 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 485 Summary......Page 486 CHAPTER 22 Chaetognaths, Echinoderms, and Hemichordates......Page 488 22.2 Form and Function......Page 490 22.5 Phylum Echinodermata......Page 491 22.6 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 506 22.7 Phylum Hemichordata......Page 508 22.8 Phylogeny and Adaptive Diversification......Page 511 Summary......Page 512 CHAPTER 23 Chordates......Page 515 23.1 The Chordates......Page 516 23.2 Five Chordate Hallmarks......Page 519 23.3 Ancestry and Evolution......Page 520 23.4 Subphylum Urochordata (Tunicata)......Page 521 23.6 Subphylum Vertebrata......Page 523 Summary......Page 530 CHAPTER 24 Fishes......Page 533 24.2 Living Jawless Fishes......Page 534 24.3 Chondrichthyes: Cartilaginous Fishes......Page 539 24.4 Osteichthyes: Bony Fishes and Tetrapods......Page 543 24.5 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Fishes......Page 548 Summary......Page 558 CHAPTER 25 Early Tetrapods and Modern Amphibians......Page 560 25.1 Devonian Origin of Tetrapods......Page 561 25.2 Modern Amphibians......Page 563 Summary......Page 576 CHAPTER 26 Amniote Origins and Nonavian Reptiles......Page 579 26.1 Origin and Early Evolution of Amniotes......Page 580 26.2 Characteristics and Natural History of Reptilian Groups......Page 585 Summary......Page 599 CHAPTER 27 Birds......Page 601 27.1 Origin and Relationships......Page 602 27.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations for Flight......Page 605 27.3 Flight......Page 613 27.4 Migration and Navigation......Page 616 27.5 Social Behavior and Reproduction......Page 618 27.6 Bird Populations and Their Conservation......Page 621 Summary......Page 622 CHAPTER 28 Mammals......Page 627 28.1 Origin and Evolution of Mammals......Page 628 28.2 Structural and Functional Adaptations of Mammals......Page 631 28.3 Humans and Mammals......Page 644 28.4 Human Evolution......Page 645 Summary......Page 653 CHAPTER 29 Support, Protection, and Movement......Page 656 29.1 Integument......Page 657 29.2 Skeletal Systems......Page 660 29.3 Animal Movement......Page 665 Summary......Page 675 CHAPTER 30 Homeostasis: Osmotic Regulation, Excretion, and Temperature Regulation......Page 677 30.1 Water and Osmotic Regulation......Page 678 30.2 Invertebrate Excretory Structures......Page 682 30.3 Vertebrate Kidney......Page 684 30.4 Temperature Regulation......Page 689 Summary......Page 694 CHAPTER 31 Homeostasis: Internal Fluids and Respiration......Page 697 31.1 Internal Fluid Environment......Page 698 31.2 Composition of Blood......Page 699 31.3 Circulation......Page 701 31.4 Respiration......Page 708 Summary......Page 717 CHAPTER 32 Digestion and Nutrition......Page 719 32.1 Feeding Mechanisms......Page 720 32.2 Digestion......Page 723 32.3 Or ganization and Regional Function of Alimentary Canals......Page 725 32.4 Regulation of Food Intake......Page 730 32.5 Nutritional Requirements......Page 732 Summary......Page 734 CHAPTER 33 Nervous Coordination: Nervous System and Sense Organs......Page 737 33.1 Neurons: Functional Units of Nervous Systems......Page 738 33.2 Synapses: Junctions Between Nerves......Page 742 33.3 Evolution of Nervous Systems......Page 744 33.4 Sense Organs......Page 750 Summary......Page 761 CHAPTER 34 Chemical Coordination: Endocrine System......Page 763 34.1 Mechanisms of Hormone Action......Page 764 34.2 Invertebrate Hormones......Page 766 34.3 Vertebrate Endocrine Glands and Hormones......Page 768 Summary......Page 778 CHAPTER 35 Immunity......Page 781 35.2 Innate Defense Mechanisms......Page 782 35.4 Acquired Immune Response in Vertebrates......Page 786 Summary......Page 792 CHAPTER 36 Animal Behavior......Page 795 36.1 Describing Behavior: Principles of Classical Ethology......Page 797 36.2 Control of Behavior......Page 798 36.3 Social Behavior......Page 801 Summary......Page 811 CHAPTER 37 Animal Distributions......Page 814 37.1 Principles of Historical Biogeography......Page 815 37.2 Distribution of Life on Earth......Page 821 Summary......Page 831 CHAPTER 38 Animal Ecology......Page 833 38.1 The Hierarchy of Ecology......Page 834 38.2 Extinction and Biodiversity......Page 846 Summary......Page 849 Glossary......Page 852 Index......Page 898