HEAT PIPES DESIGN, APPLICATIONS AND TECHNOLOGY

Description

Contents......Page 7 Preface......Page 9 Acknowledgments......Page 13 Abstract......Page 15 Nomenclature......Page 16 Subscripts......Page 18 1. Introduction and Glossary......Page 20 1.1. Closed Two-Phase Thermosyphon-Type Heat Pipe......Page 23 1.3. Heat Pipe......Page 24 1.4. Passive (or Naturally Driven) Flow and Heat Transfer Devices......Page 25 1.6. Heat Pipe Heat Exchanger......Page 26 1.7. Splashing......Page 28 1.10. Smacking......Page 30 1.11. Complexity......Page 31 2. Heat Transfer Coefficients and Maximum Heat Transfer Rate......Page 33 2.1. Ammonia-Charged Water Heated and Cooled Closed Thermosyphon......Page 35 2.2. Ammonia-Charged Steam Heated and Air-Cooled Closed Thermosyphon......Page 37 2.3. Heat Transfer Coefficients and Maximum Heat Transfer Rate for R123 and Butane......Page 44 3.1. Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactor Cooling and Heat Removal System......Page 49 3.1.1. Background Information......Page 50 3.1.3. Natural Circulation Loops......Page 55 3.1.4. Flow Instabilities......Page 58 3.1.5. Flow Pattern Characterisation......Page 61 3.1.7. Theoretical Simulation Model......Page 62 3.1.7.1. Thermal-hydraulic Theoretical Simulation Assumptions......Page 63 3.1.7.3. Conservation of Mass......Page 66 3.1.7.4. Conservation of Energy......Page 67 3.1.7.5. Conservation of Momentum......Page 71 3.1.8. Numerical Simulation Model Computer-Solution Program Algorithm......Page 74 3.1.8. Theoretical and Experimental Results......Page 83 3.2. Entirely-Passive Reactor Cavity Cooling System (RCCS)......Page 84 3.3. Entirely-Passive Spent and Used Fuel Tank Cooling System......Page 89 3.5. Steady State Natural Circulation Nuclear Reactor Cooling System......Page 91 4. Energy Saving Using Heat Pipe Heat Recovery Heat Exchangers......Page 96 4.1. Milk Spray Drying......Page 101 4.2 Mini Food Drier......Page 103 4.3. Heat Pump Drying......Page 107 4.4. Acid Pickling Process Plant......Page 110 5. Pulsating Heat Pipes......Page 111 5.1. Theory of Operation......Page 114 5.1.1. Conservation of Mass......Page 115 5.1.3. Conservation of Momentum......Page 117 5.1.5. Equation of State......Page 118 5.2. Numerical Solution Procedure......Page 119 5.3. Example......Page 120 6.1.1. Drinking Bird Water Pump......Page 123 6.1.2. Surface Tension Driven Water Pump......Page 126 6.1.3. Natural Air-Circulation Water Pump......Page 130 6.1.4. Open Oscillating Heat Pipe Water Pump......Page 133 6.2. Night-Sky Cooling and Day-Time Solar Heating System......Page 134 6.3.1. Separated Thermosyphon Heat Pipe......Page 148 6.3.2. Bent (BT) and Looped Closed Thermosyphons (CLTs)......Page 156 6.3.3. Plate and Thermosyphon Heat Transfer Comparison......Page 162 6.4. Supercritical Closed Loop Thermosyphon Heat Transfer......Page 165 References......Page 167 Abstract......Page 175 Greek Symbols......Page 176 1. Challenges of High Heat Flux Thermal Management......Page 177 2. Advanced Wick Structures Capable of High Heat Flux Phase Change......Page 179 2.1. Bi-Dispersed Porous Wick Structures......Page 180 2.2. Microfabricated Mono Wick Structures......Page 182 2.3. Multiscale Nanoporous Wick Structures......Page 188 3. High Heat Flux Phase Change Modes and Transitions......Page 192 4.1. Equilibrium of Heat and Mass Transport in Wick Structures......Page 195 4.2. Wick Geometrical Effect......Page 198 4.3. Liquid Properties Contribution......Page 202 4.4. Nanostructure Enhanced Phase Change......Page 206 5. Dryout at High Heat Flux......Page 209 References......Page 212 Abstract......Page 217 1. Introduction......Page 218 2. Heat Pipes and Thermosyphons as Thermal Management Elements. Field for Improvement......Page 221 3.1. Increasing Heat Removal Efficiency of Thermosyphons under Mechanical Stress......Page 223 3.2. Extending Service Life of Thermosyphons with Horizontal Condensation Surface......Page 226 3.3. Gravitational Heat Pipe with Threaded Capillary Structure......Page 228 3.4. Improved Designs of Heat Pipes with a Wick for the Modernized Electronic Modules......Page 229 3.5. Improved Miniature Heat Pipes......Page 230 3.7. Improving the Design of Gas-Regulated Heat Pipes......Page 232 3.8. Improving the Design of Loop Heat Pipes......Page 233 4.1. Thermal Management in Multi-Channel Secondary Power Supply Units in the Basic Supporting Structures of the Second Level with Air Cooling......Page 234 4.2. Thermal Management for Multi-Layer Ceramic Switching Circuits in the Basic Supporting Structures of the Second Level with Water Cooling......Page 235 4.3. Improved Manifold Heat Pipe for Basic Second Level Supporting Structures in the Form of Removable Electronic Modules with Water Cooling......Page 239 4.4. Basic Second-Level Supporting Structure in the Form of a Removable Unit with a Metal Plate with Built-in Evaporation Minichannels and Water Cooling......Page 240 4.5. Using HPs in Third-Level Basic Support Structures with Water Cooling......Page 241 5. Thermal Management of Mobile Infrared Devices Based on Two-Phase Technologies......Page 244 5.1. Thermal Management of Photosensitive Devices for Control Systems of Infrared Electronics Using Cryocooling......Page 245 5.2. Thermal Management of Infrared Photosensitive Devices of Medium-Temperature Range......Page 247 6.1. Thermal Management Using Two-Phase Technology and Thermoelectric Coolers for Advanced Microlaser Devices......Page 249 6.2. Thermal Management Using Two-Phase Technology and Thermoelectric Coolers for Advanced High-Power Laser Devices......Page 251 6.3. Thermal Management Using Heat Pipes and Large-Size Thermoelectric Coolers......Page 252 6.4. Improving TEC as Elements for Combined Thermal Management Devices for Electronics......Page 254 6.5. Using Gravitational Heat Pipes for Thermal Management of High-Power LED Modules......Page 255 7.1. Technological Solutions for Manufacturing Flat Finned Heat Pipes......Page 257 7.4. New Technological Solutions for Sealing Titanium Heat Pipes......Page 259 7.5. New Technological Solutions for Manufacturing Capillary Structures of Miniature Heat Pipes......Page 260 Conclusion......Page 261 References......Page 263 Abstract......Page 269 1. Introduction......Page 270 2.1. Working Fluid Physical Properties......Page 276 2.2. Binary Mixtures Phase Diagram......Page 278 3. Experimental Setup......Page 281 4. Data Reduction and Error Analysis......Page 283 5.1. Analysis of Oscillation Characteristics and Heat-Transfer Mechanisms......Page 284 5.2. Characteristics of the Local Dryout......Page 290 5.3. Variation Rules of PHP thermal Resistance to the Change of Heat Input and FRs......Page 293 6. Working Fluids and Their Properties on the PHP Performance......Page 296 6.2. Oscillation Operation and Latent Heat of Vaporization (LHV)......Page 297 6.3. Comparisons between Different Filling Ratios (FRs)......Page 298 6.4. Comparison between Different Working Fluids......Page 300 6.5. Thermal Resistance Comparison for the Working Fluids at Different Filling Ratios......Page 301 7.1. Water-Based Binary Zeotropes in PHP......Page 303 7.1.1. Small Filling Ratios (35%, 45%) and Medium Filling Ratio (55%)......Page 304 7.1.2. Large Filling Ratios (62%, 70%)......Page 308 7.1.3. Characteristics of Different Mixtures at Certain Mixing Ratio (FR = 62%)......Page 311 7.2. The PHP with Methanol-Ethanol Mixture......Page 313 Conclusions: PHP with Binary Mixtures......Page 315 Conclusion......Page 316 References......Page 317 Abstract......Page 323 Introduction......Page 324 1.1. Power Spectral Density......Page 327 1.2. Correlation Dimension......Page 328 1.3. Autocorrelation Function......Page 329 1.4. Lyapunov Exponent......Page 330 2. Volume of Fluid (VOF) Method and Governing Equations......Page 331 3. Simple Two-Dimensional Pulsating Heat Pipe......Page 334 3.1. Volume Fractions and Time Series......Page 335 3.2. Correlation Dimension......Page 344 3.3. Power Spectral Density......Page 345 3.4. Lyapunov Exponent......Page 346 3.5. Autocorrelation Function......Page 347 4.1. Volume Fractions......Page 348 4.2. Non-Linear Temperature Oscillations......Page 352 4.3. Power Spectral Density......Page 353 4.4. Correlation Dimension and Autocorrelation Function......Page 354 4.5. Thermal behavior......Page 355 5. Three-Dimensional Pulsating Heat Pipe......Page 357 5.1. Validation......Page 359 5.2. Volume Fractions......Page 360 5.3. Spectral Analysis of Time Series......Page 366 5.4. Correlation Dimension......Page 369 5.5. Autocorrelation Function......Page 370 5.6. Lyapunov Exponent......Page 371 5.7. Phase Space Reconstruction......Page 372 5.8. Thermal Performance......Page 374 Conclusion......Page 375 References......Page 376 Abstract......Page 379 Introduction......Page 380 Heat Pipes of Various Shapes......Page 385 Heat Sink-Heat Pipe Thermal Module (HSHPTM) Software......Page 390 HSHPTM Software Applications......Page 395 Conclusion......Page 403 References......Page 404 Abstract......Page 409 Heat Pipe Working Fluid/Envelope/Wick Compatibility – Life Tests......Page 410 Non-Condensable Gas Generation......Page 411 Corrosion......Page 412 Review of Previous Life Tests......Page 413 Elements......Page 414 Organic Working Fluids......Page 415 Titanium/Water and Monel/Water Life Tests......Page 419 Life Test Setup......Page 421 Life Tests......Page 423 Heat Pipe Sectioning and Analysis......Page 424 Titanium-Water Heat Pipe Cross-Sections......Page 425 Monel-Water Heat Pipe Cross-Sections......Page 426 Titanium-Halide Heat Pipe Cross-Sections......Page 427 Hastelloy C-Series Superalloy-Halide Cross-Sections......Page 428 Chemical Analysis of Working Fluids......Page 430 Conclusion......Page 432 References......Page 433 Abstract......Page 439 Introduction to Variable Conductance Heat Pipes......Page 440 Cold-Biased Reservoirs......Page 441 Warm-Reservoir Variable Conductance Heat Pipes......Page 442 Hot Reservoir VCHP with Active Control and Non-Integrated Configuration......Page 443 Warm-Reservoir VCHPs for High Altitude Balloons......Page 446 Testing Results......Page 448 Introduction to Pressure Controlled Heat Pipes......Page 450 Isothermal Furnace Liners......Page 451 Early PCHP Work......Page 452 PCHPS with Variable Reservoir Volumes......Page 453 PCHPS for Precise Temperature Control in Microgravity......Page 454 Modifications for Operation in Microgravity......Page 455 Fabrication and Testing of PCHPs Designed for Operation in Microgravity......Page 456 PCHPS with Both NCG Addition and Reservoir Volume Variation......Page 458 System Operation......Page 461 Regolith PCHP Design Constraints......Page 463 Fabrication and Testing of the Regolith Extraction System......Page 464 Conclusion......Page 468 References......Page 469 Abstract......Page 473 Introduction......Page 474 Flow Regimes in Pool Boiling......Page 475 Flow Regimes in 2-Phase Closed Thermosyphon......Page 477 Visualization of Flow Patterns in Two-Phase Closed Thermosyphon......Page 483 Loop Heat Pipes......Page 486 2 Phase Forced Convection Flows......Page 488 Vapour Chamber......Page 491 Proposed Future Studies......Page 493 References......Page 494 Index......Page 499 Blank Page......Page 2