The Routledge International Handbook of Children, Adolescents, and Media

Description

This second, thoroughly updated edition of The Routledge International Handbook of Children, Adolescents, and Media analyzes a broad range of complementary areas of study, including children as media consumers, children as active participants in media making, and representations of children in the media. The roles that media play in the lives of children and adolescents, as well as their potential implications for their cognitive, emotional, social, and behavioral development, have attracted growing research attention in a variety of disciplines. This handbook presents a collection that spans a variety of disciplines including developmental psychology, media studies, public health, education, feminist studies, and the sociology of childhood. Chapters provide a unique intellectual mapping of current knowledge, exploring the relationship between children and media in local, national, and global contexts. Divided into five parts, each with an introduction explaining the themes and topics covered, the Handbook features over 50 contributions from leading and upcoming academics from around the globe. The revised and new chapters consider vital questions by analyzing texts, audience, and institutions, including: media and its effects on children's mental healthchildren and the internet of toysmedia and digital inequalitiesnews and citizenship in the aftermath of COVID-19 The Handbook's interdisciplinary approach and comprehensive, current, and international scope make it an authoritative, state-of-the-art guide to the field of children's media studies. It will be indispensable for media scholars and professionals, policy makers, educators, and parents. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Contents Illustrations Contributors Acknowledgements Introduction to the Second Edition: Children, Adolescents, and Media: Creating a Shared Scholarly Arena Introduction Main Themes in the Study of Children, Adolescents, and Media Multiple Realities Technological Convergence Consumer Culture Globalization Literacy and Education Positive and/or Negative Potential Creating a Shared Scholarly Arena From Multi-disciplinary - to - Interdisciplinary Study From National - to - International and Transnational Study From Description - to - Social Change From Research About Children - to - Research for and with Children From the Margins - to - the Center The Handbook The Handbook Structure The Authors References Part I: Childhoods and Constructions: Editor's Introduction 1. The Co-Construction of Media and Childhood Mediated Childhood The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly Co-creation: A Two-Way Street Media Panics: Beyond Dialogue The Discursive Complexity of Digitization References 2. Representations of Childhood in the Media Introduction - Visualizing Childhood Racialized Childhoods Global Images of Children and Childhood Representations of Childhood in News Media Future Representations of Childhood References 3. Examining the Assumptions in Research on Children and Media Implicit Assumptions in Research on Children and Media Children and Adolescents Are Qualitatively Different from Adults Age Is Taken as a Primary Variable All Differences Are Related to Development Selective Application of Developmental Phenomena and Developmental Theory in Understanding Children and Media The Importance of Environment The Influence of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Assumptions in Child and Media Research References 4. Long-Term Trends in Children's Consumption of Media Introduction Single Media Technologies in Children's Media Use Reading Listening to Audio Media Watching Audio-visual Media Gaming Digital Communication Comprehensive Trends of Children's Media Use Availability of Media Services Amount of Media Use Cross-Media Patterns of Use Consequences of Recent Trends in Children's Media Use References 5. Constructing Children as Consumers Campaigners and Marketers Theories of Consumer Culture: Beyond the Binaries Consumption Out of Context Consumption in Context Conclusion References 6. Feminist Theory Approaches to the Study of Children and Media Gendered Mediated Childhoods Construction of Childhood Methodological Approaches to the Study of Children and Media Commitment to Social Change Concluding Note References 7. Children, Youth, and Media Globalization Shifting the Lens on Global Media and Childhood Digital Media Worlds and Agency New Inquiries for the Study of Children and Youth in Media Globalization References 8. Childhood Studies Approaches to the Study of Children and Media Emerging Trends in Childhood Studies and Media Research The Social Construction of Childhood and Media Moral Panics Theories of Agency in Childhood and Media Research Bringing Children's Agency and Voice into the Study of Media Looking Forwards References Part II: Channels and Convergence: Editor's Introduction 9. Children's Print Culture: Tradition and Innovation Books for Young Readers: Development and Early Growth A Distinctive Publishing Category Young People and Print Toward a More Inclusive Print Culture for Youth Diversifying Texts and Tellers The Dominance of English-Language Publishers and Properties Representing Lived Experiences Scholarship on Children's Print Culture References 10. Children's Film Culture The Importance of Familiarity The (Im)possibility of Children's Film? Socialization and the "Seeing Child" Hierarchies of Development References 11. Children's Television Culture Defining Children's Television Culture from an Industry Perspective Key Stages in the Development of Children's Television Content - Perspectives from the U.S. and Western Europe Where is Children's Television Culture Going Now? References 12. Children's Internet Culture Children's Media Cultures Are Increasingly Online Theorizing Children's Internet Culture Cultural vs. Political Economic Dimensions of Children's Internet Culture The Online vs. Offline Shaping of Children's Internet Culture The Specificity of Childhood (vs. Wider Adult Society) in Children's Internet Culture Conclusion References 13. Children's Digital Gaming Cultures Approaching Children's Gaming Culture The Player Age Gender Ethnicity Participation Children's Gaming Cultures References 14. Mobile Communication Culture Among Children and Adolescents Introduction Research on Mobile Communication Among Youth Social Functions of the Mobile Phone Coordination Safety Expressive Uses Messaging Multimedia and Internet Use The Social Consequences of Mobile Telephony Social Cohesion Emancipation Identity Formation Problematic Issues Money Use Compulsive Use Dating and Sexting Mobile Bullying Sleep Disruption The Future of Mobile Communication References 15. Children's Musical Cultures: Industries and Audiences Children's Commercial Music Industry Historical Roots Tween Pop Toys Children as Music Audiences Age and Taste Music and Social Relations Gender Children's Own Cultural Traditions Music and Digital Media Conclusion References 16. Children and Consumer Culture Children as Consumers The Development of a Children's Consumer Culture The Global Toy Market Children and Youth Market Segments Consumption and Identity The Disney Brand Conclusion References 17. Social Robots And Children Social Robots and Children Reasons for Studying Social Robots Theoretical Challenges in Studying Social Robots Theory Formation in Human-Robot Communication How to Study Social Robots and Children: Examples from Empirical Research Acceptance Learning Relationship Formation Conclusion Funding Acknowledgements References 18. Children and the Internet of Toys Introduction Detailing Characteristics, Benefits, and Risks App-Enabled Mechanical Toys (Cozmo, Sphero) Cloud-Based Interactive Toys (Hello Barbie, My Friend Cayla) AR Toys (Parker bear) Children's Wearables: Fitness Trackers/Smartwatches (Fitbit Ace 3, Vivofit Jr. 2) Conclusions References 19. Children's Technologized Bodies: Mapping Mixed Reality Sexting and Sexual Subjectivities Mapping Children's Sexualities in the Contemporary Mediascape References Part III: Concerns and Consequences: Editor's Introduction 20. Information and Communication Technologies and Well-Being ICT and Psychological Well-being ICT and Social Well-being ICT and Physical Well-being Conclusions Acknowledgement References 21. Screen Media, Early Cognitive Development, and Language: Babies' Learning from Screens Language and Cognition in Babies Learning from Screen Media Screen Media Attributes Macro-Level Screen Formats Micro-Level Screen Attributes The Contexts Surrounding Screen Media Use Final Thoughts References 22. Children's Media Use and its Relation to Attention, Hyperactivity, and Impulsivity Conceptualizations and Measures of ADHD and ADHD-Related Behavior Hypotheses on the Media-ADHD Association Fast Pace Violent Content Empirical Evidence Media Effects on Attention Problems Media Effects on Hyperactivity Media Effects on Impulsivity Media Effects on ADHD as a Composite Conclusion, Critique, and Suggestions for Future Research References 23. Media, Imagination, and Fantasy Influence of Media on Imaginative Activities Media and the Content of Fantasy-Activities Appropriation of Media as an Imaginative Process How to Research the Relationship of Media and Children's Fantasies Conclusion References 24. Social Media and Creativity Introduction Social Media Social Media and Creativity Social Gaming Communities: Roblox Remixing Creativity: Scratch Online DIY Communities: Ravelry Conclusions and Implications References 25. Media and Emotional Development Emotional Competence Learning about Emotions Media and Fear Emotional Relationships with Media Personae Directions for Future Research References 26. Media Violence: Complex Relationships Between Young People and Texts The Appeal of Violence in Entertainment Media Media Effects Aggression Desensitization Fear, Worry, and Anxiety The Role of Parents/Caregivers and Teachers/Schools Centering Child Voices Conclusions References 27. Media and Sexual Development Introduction SMM in Mass Media and User-Generated Media Empirical Evidence of Sexual Media Effects Direct Links between Media and Sexual Cognitions Moderated and Mediated Links Between Media, Sexual Attitudes and Sexual Behavior Shortcomings and Future Research References 28. Media, Body Image, and Eating Disorders Significance of Eating Disorders The Sociocultural Influence of Media Print Media Screen Media Internet Social Media Popular Theories for Explaining Effects Research Findings Experiments Surveys Qualitative Approaches Moderators of Vulnerability to Influence Ongoing Debates for the Digital Age Future Directions References 29. Media and Childhood Obesity The Contribution of Media to Childhood Obesity Food Advertising Marketing Food to Children Overeating During Media Use Media as a Sedentary Behavior Media, Sleep, and Obesity Theoretical Explanations for Advertising and Marketing Effects Classical Conditioning Social Cognitive Theory Information Processing Models Processing of Commercialized Media Content Model Persuasion Knowledge Model Using Media to Promote Health Healthy Product Placement Exergames Policy Options and Recommendations Media Literacy Practitioner Training Advertising Regulations Recommendations for Future Research Conclusions References 30. Media and Alcohol, Tobacco, and Drugs Substance Use in Media Content Effects of Exposure to Substances in Media Alcohol Tobacco Marijuana and Other Drugs Relevant Theoretical Mechanisms Theories on Psychological Processes and Effects Theories on Media Use/Selection and Effects Approaches to Reduce Negative Media Influence Top-Down Regulations The Role for Parents in Media and Substance Use Media Literacy Interventions Strategic Messaging to Prevent Substance Use Counter-messaging Graphic Warning Labels Conclusion References 31. Media and Learning of The Social World Media and Learning of the Social World How Children Learn about the Social World Media as Agents of Socialization for Children The Social World in Children's Media Content The Effects of Media on Children's Learning About the Social World Conclusion Acknowledgements References 32. Children's Citizenship and The News Introduction Defining Childhood and Children's Citizenship Adult News News and Children's Political Socialization Negative Effects of News Violence Representing Children Child News Audiences Children's News News Production News Content The Child News Audience Conclusions Note References 33. Processes and Impacts of Political Socialization The Socialization Process The Role of Personal, Environmental, and Behavioral Factors The Role of Media Making the Most of Media Beyond Knowledge Gain The Family's Role The Need to Take Young People Seriously References 34. Persuasive messages and the development of advertising literacy in children and adolescents Child and Adolescent Processing of Persuasive Messages Persuasion and Resistance in the Commercialized Media Environment Elaboration Difficulties Associated with the Commercial Media Environment Elaboration Difficulties Associated with Maturation Advertising Literacy in the Commercialized Media Environment Increasing Transparency Through Advertising Disclosures Setting the Agenda for Future Research References 35. Representing and Constructing Gender in Children and Youth Media Introduction Theoretical Grounding Gendered Messages in Television Content Consumed by Young People Children's Television Programs Tween/Teen Television Programs Young People, Digital Technologies, and Gender Presentation Digital Media and Gender Gaming Selfies Concluding Thoughts References 36. Internet Media and Peer Sociability The Overlap of Online and Offline Social Ties Online Communication and Relational Closeness Benefits of Online Communication Online Communication and Cyberbullying Conclusion References 37. Media and Children's Mental Health Introduction Social Connectivity Peer Pressure Idealized Content Conclusion References Part IV: Contexts and Communities: Editor's Introduction 38. Media and The Family Context Media in Family Life Managing Children's Media Use From Family Co-Use of Media to Supervision Background Media Effects of Media on Family Interaction Conclusion References 39. Media and Peer Culture: Young People Sharing Norms and Collective Identities with and through Media Introduction Media in Face-to-Face Peer Culture Mobile Phone Peer Culture Online Peer Culture Media and Youth Subcultures Conclusion References 40. Media and Minority Children Categorization Minority Children and Representation Minority Children and Media Use Minority Children and Diasporic Use of Media Conclusions Notes References 41. Immigrant Children and Media The Role of Television in Young Immigrants' Social and Cultural Adaptation Digital Media as a Cultural, Social, and Emotional Support Resource Source of Information and Cultural Knowledge about the Host and the Home Countries Interpersonal Communication Improving Native and Host Language Skills Channel for Self-Expression Media Use in Immigrant Families Conclusions References 42. Muslim Youth: Representations and Media Consumption Introduction Muslim Youth and Social Media Muslim Refugee Youth and Social Media Representations of Muslim Youth Representations of Muslim Refugee Youth Conclusion Notes References 43. Children, Media, and Digital Inequality What Does It Mean to Have Digital Access? How and Why Do Young People Develop Digital Skills and Practices? Digital Inequality and Childhood Trajectories Where to From Here? References 44. Media Content for and Research on Children in Low- and Middle-Income Countries Access and Cost Considerations Media Content Considerations Media Uses and Content Generated by Young People Quality of Research in LMICs Conclusion Note References 45. Media and Children With Disabilities Introduction Defining Disabled Children Children with Disabilities as a Media Audience Disability in Children's Media Disabled Children's Media Preferences and Reception Future Directions and Conclusion References 46. Youth and Participatory Politics: Enhancing Digital Engagement through Media Literacy Education Digital Media and Youth Civic Identity Youth Practices of Participatory Politics Further Enhancing Participatory Practices through Media Literacy Education References 47. Media, Participation, and Social Change: Working within a "Youth as Knowledge Producers" Framework Introduction How Are Young People Producing and Using Media Within a Social Change Context? Photovoice Participatory Video/Cellphilming and Digital Storytelling Blogging and Web 2.0 Children's Radio What Difference Does This Media Work Make? References Part V: Collaborations and Companions: Editor's Introduction 48. Media Policies for Children: Issues and Histories in the U.S. The Era of Moving Pictures and the Progressive Reformers The Era of Radio and Advocacy Groups The Move to Public Pressure The Era of Television and Federal Policy The Government Intervenes ... At Last The Era of Digital Technology and Federal Policy/Regulation Concluding Note Notes References 49. The Intricate Play of Protecting and Promoting Home-Grown Children's Screen Content Introduction The Intricate Interplay of Children's Television Regulation National Approaches to Protect and Promote Home-grown Content International Initiatives to Support Cultural Diversity Latest Challenge: How to Regulate Netflix and Disney+ Conclusion References 50. Children and Advertising Policies in the U.S. and Beyond Background The Economic Structure of Children's Media Product Concerns National Policy and Advertising to Children Federal Trade Commission Federal Communications Commission Beyond Policy Industry Self-Regulation Media Literacy Conclusion References 51. Policies for the Digital Environment: Online Safety and Empowerment in a Global Context Introduction Phases of Policy Development Regulating Content Contact Risks Conduct Risks: Children as Actors and Perpetrators Contract and Consumer Risks Policy Shifts in Regulating for Online Safety Conclusion References 52. Learning from Educational Television Among Preschool and School-age Children What Do Children Learn From Educational Television? How Does Learning Compare Across Countries and Cultures? Theoretical Approaches Cross-Platform Learning Conclusion References 53. New Media and Informal Learning Frameworks for New Media and Learning New Media Literacies Genres of Participation Connected Learning New Media and Learning: Examples Gaming Social Media Conclusion References 54. Media Literacy Research Paradigms in Media Literacy Competencies of Children Competencies of Teens Intervention Research Conclusion References 55. Media Influences and the Medical Community in the U.S. The Danger Paradigm Medical Involvement Begins Public Debates and Shaping Policy The Need for Research that Can Be Applied to Health Care and Prevention Reframing Media as a Public Health Issue References 56. Bridging Scholarship and the Media Industry: How Public Broadcasting Works with Academia Personal Introduction The Role of Academia in Commercial Versus Public Broadcasting Obstacles to Collaborations The Contributions of Advisors The Case of PBS Access to Experts Moving Forward Necessary Improvements References 57. Determining Quality in Children's Media Historical Ratings and Classification Systems for Quality Determining Quality Children's Media Today Individual Child Media Content Context Privacy and Security Two Approaches to Determining Quality Conclusion References 58. Promoting Excellence in Children's TV: The Case of the Prix Jeunesse Introduction What Is The PRIX JEUNESSE? History of the PRIX JEUNESSE - "How It All Started" What Shapes Excellence In Children's TV? Individual Situations of Children's Lives Are Conveyed in Documentaries Stories with Depth Critical Topics Prepared for Children Openly Talking About Taboo Topics New Ways of Learning Suitcases Cooperation Between Production and Research Conclusion References Afterword: The Invisible Children, Adolescents, and Media and the Future of our Research References Topic Index Author Index