The Cold War: The Great Powers and Their Allies

Description

The Cold War offers a brief but detailed treatment of one of the most complex eras of the 20th Century. In this fully revised second edition, J.P.D. Dunbabin, drawing on international scholarship and using much new material from communist sources, describes a world in which covert operations could be as important as outright diplomacy, 'soft' power as influential as 'hard', and in which competing ideologies ruled the hearts as much as the heads of the leaders in power. Dunbabin's account is global in scope, taking into account the importance of players beyond the superpowers, and shedding light on the proxy conflicts such as those in Africa and the Middle East that, if not caused by the continuing stalemate between the great powers, were used as weapons within it. Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Abbreviations Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the First Edition Editorial Foreword PART 1 Overview 1 The Cold War: an overview The causes of the Cold War: rival interpretations The initial phase of the Cold War Stalin’s closing years, 1948–53 East and Southeast Asia Khrushchev Johnson and Nixon Carter and Reagan Gorbachev and the end of the Cold War 2 The strategic dimension of East–West competition The defence of Western Europe Soviet policy towards Western Europe: NATO and Warsaw Pact military doctrines, and WTO exercises Reactions to Soviet build-up: NATO’s 1979 response US nuclear superiority in the 1950s and 1960s ‘Healey’s theorem’ Evolution of US strategic doctrine: ‘Mutual Assured Destruction’ Nuclear Test Ban Treaty 1963 The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 1968 (NPT) Attempts to secure nuclear weapons Strategic Arms Limitation Talks: ABM and SALT I Treaties 1972 MIRVs: vulnerability of US ICBMs and implications for ‘extended deterrence’ US interpretations of Soviet intentions SALT II negotiations 1972–9 Cruise and Pershing missiles in Europe The ‘Strategic Defense Initiative’ (SDI), the 1985 Geneva and 1986 Reykjavik summits, and the 1987 INF treaty Gorbachev’s defence cuts and the Paris Charter 1990: START I and II PART 2 East–West relations 1945–1991 3 The start of the Cold War Stalin’s Popular Front policy Stalin’s wartime move into Eastern Europe A ‘sphere of influence’ in Eastern Europe? Stalin and the post-war world Stalin’s pursuit of incremental gains Approaches to Stalin – Churchill, Roosevelt, Truman The Potsdam Conference and the atom bomb Romania: London (September) and Moscow (December 1945) Foreign Ministers Councils The slide towards Cold War, 1946: Stalin’s election speech, Kennan’s ‘long telegram’, Churchill’s Fulton speech, Wallace’s critique and dismissal The evolution of British policy, 1945–7: Attlee’s reservations overcome Iran and Turkey The Baruch Plan, and the European peace treaties 1946–7 The German question and possible Soviet perspectives The German question, 1945–6 British withdrawal from Greece and Turkey – the Truman Doctrine, 1947 Stalin’s suggested Anglo-Soviet Treaty, 1947 The Moscow Foreign Ministers Council, 10 March to 24 April 1947 Marshall Aid and the division of Europe The Szklarska Poreba Conference and foundation of ‘Cominform’ (September 1947), French strikes (November–December 1947), Italian elections (April 1948) and covert US involvement The London Council of Foreign Ministers meeting, November–December 1947 4 The nadir of the Cold War, 1948–1953 West German currency reform 1948 The Berlin Blockade 1948–9 The North Atlantic Treaty 1949 Consolidation of communist rule in Eastern Europe Stalin’s growing radicalism, 1947–8; Stalin and Greek communist risings China, 1945–934 Anglo-American covert propaganda and action, 1947–8; Attempts to destabilise Albania, 1949–53; Possible connections with the East European purges of 1949–53 American responses to the ‘loss of China’; The extension of ‘containment’ to Indo-China, 1949–50 NSC-68 and US rearmament Korea, 1945–50: Stalin authorises the invasion of South Korea, 1950 The Western response The UN invasion of North Korea, China’s intervention and US responses 1950–51 Ceasefire talks 1951–3 and the 1953 armistice Implications of the Korean War: ‘Limited war’; China’s relations with the USSR and the USA; Taiwan; The Japanese peace and security treaties, 1951–2 German rearmament – the European Defence Community, 1952 Stalin’s 1952 ‘offer’ of German reunification Stalin’s final years 5 The Khrushchev years – detentes, challenges, crises Stalin’s death and detente Western approaches German reunification – Adenauer, Churchill, and Beria The Geneva Conference on Korea and Indo-China 1954 The Chinese offshore islands crisis 1954–5 French opposition to the European Defence Community Austrian independence 1955 Khrushchev’s foreign policy, 1955 The Geneva Summit 1955 East-West summits and their limitations Eisenhower’s 1953 decision against ‘roll-back’; US quiescence during the 1953 Berlin and 1956 Polish disturbances The 1956 Hungarian and Suez crises and detente Khrushchev and the policy of ‘peaceful coexistence’ Implications of Soviet aid to, and trade with, the Third World The USSR and Egypt 1955–6 The Eisenhower Doctrine, 1957 Jordan, Syria and the Lebanon 1957–8 The Iraqi revolution 1958 Soviet–Egyptian coolness 1959 The Chinese offshore islands crisis 1958 Khrushchev’s view of the international scene 1957–8 The Berlin question 1958–9 Khrushchev’s visit to the USA 1959 The Paris Summit and the U2 incident 1960 The Vienna Summit 1961 The Berlin Wall and its sequel, 1961–2 Latin America in the 1950s: the Cuban revolution The Bay of Pigs 1961 The Cuban missile crisis 1962 Khrushchev’s position after the crisis 6 The Vietnam War and other proxy conflicts of the 1960s and 1970s Cuba and Latin America in the 1960s The former Belgian Congo Africa in the 1960s: The OAU; The Nigerian civil war; Kenya; Ghana The Middle East India and Pakistan Indonesia Indo-China Laos South Vietnam 1954–64 The ‘Gulf of Tonkin’ incident and Congressional resolution, 1964 USA bombs North Vietnam and commits ground troops to South Vietnam 1965 The Tet Offensive (January 1968) and its consequences Nixon’s plans to end the war 1968–9 Vietnamisation The Lon Nol coup in Cambodia The 1971 South Vietnamese attempt to cut the Ho Chi Minh trail, and the 1972 North Vietnamese offensive Secret negotiations and the ceasefire agreement 1973; US inability to enforce it; The communist offensive of 1975 and the fall of Saigon Reasons for the US failure; The war’s impact on the USA Southeast Asia since 1975 7 Detente in Europe De Gaulle: ‘Europe from the Atlantic to the Urals’ West German Ostpolitik before 1969 Brandt’s Ostpolitik Consequences of Ostpolitik 8 The United States, China and the World US attitudes to China 1950–68 Sino-American rapprochement 1968–72 China’s new alignment and its consequences Implications for Japan China and Vietnam in the 1970s; The 1979 war China’s relations with the USA and USSR in the 1980s China in the 1980s; Tiananmen and the Western response China, the US–Chinese relationship, and Taiwan since the 1990s 9 The rise and fall of detente in the 1960s and 1970s Strained US–Soviet relations 1964–7; The Glassboro Summit 1967; The shift towards detente 1968 The Moscow Summit of 1972 The ‘Moscow detente’, US views and Soviet foreign policy The Helsinki Final Act 1975 US–Soviet competition in the Middle East US–Soviet trade and detente; The Jackson–Vanik amendment Soviet restraint after the 1973 ‘oil shock’ and the Portuguese revolution Soviet intervention in Angola 1975–6 and its implications for detente Further strains on detente: Shaba I and II and the Somali–Ethiopian war Growing US criticism of detente in the mid-1970s Soviet contempt for Carter Soviet invasion of Afghanistan 1979; Carter’s reaction 10 Tension and the ending of the Cold War in the 1980s East–West tension Reagan’s originality 1981–4: years of tension; ‘Operation RYAN’ and the November 1983 ABLE ARCHER exercise Reagan and Gorbachev Gorbachev’s policies 1985–8 Summitry and negotiation, 1985–8; ‘Regional problems’ – the Gulf, Afghanistan, Cambodia, Central America, Angola The transformation of Eastern Europe, 198958 German reunification 1989–90 The Treaty on Conventional Forces in Europe (November 1990); The USSR’s weakness, troubles and collapse in 1991 PART 3 Europe West and East, and the Sino–Soviet split 11 Western Europe I: The political order The liberal political order The challenge of communism: the French and Italian Communist Parties Military takeovers in Greece and Turkey Algerian settlers and the army overthrow the Fourth Republic; De Gaulle re-establishes Paris’s control Consolidation of French political stability under the Fifth Republic Threats from the right to the Italian political system; The troubles of the 1970s Post-war economic growth 12 Western Europe II: France, Germany, Britain, and the USA Marshall Aid 1947–52; European Payments Union, 1950 The Schuman Plan (1950) and the establishment of the ECSC; The EDC A European Common Market 1955–8 Adenauer and France Franco-German relations since 1963 Britain and European integration 1945–59 Britain’s applications for EEC membership, vetoed by de Gaulle in 1963 and 1967, successful in 1973; Wilson and Thatcher renegotiate terms; Developments since 1984 NATO The US–UK ‘special relationship’ De Gaulle and the Anglo-Saxons, 1958–68 US–French relations since 1969 13 Western Europe III: The European Union De Gaulle and the ‘Luxembourg compromise’ 1966 The Common Agricultural Policy The ‘Single European Act’ 1985; Schengen; Airline deregulation; The draft Directive on services, 2004–6 The advent of a common currency, the ‘euro’ Debates over the EU’s architecture; Difficulties over the adoption of the Maastricht and Nice Treaties and of the draft EU Constitution The Community’s external influence, economic and diplomatic The Community’s external influence – the attraction of new members 14 Splits in the communist world East European Communist Parties and the USSR in the immediate post-war period Tito’s break with Stalin Soviet–Yugoslav relations 1953–74 ‘Tito-ism’ and East European purges Changes in Soviet policy 1953–6 Revolutionary ferment in Poland 1953–6; Gomulka comes to power The Hungarian rising 1956; Soviet intervention and installation of Kadar; Repression 1956–61 Sino–Soviet relations to 1957 Khrushchev’s 1958 and 1959 visits to Beijing; Polemics, Soviet sanctions, and ‘relative reconciliation’, 1960–61; Mao’s 1962 decision to ‘compete with [Soviet] revisionism for leadership’; Open breach in 1963 The conduct, nature and effects of the Sino–Soviet dispute 15 Eastern Europe since 1957 Failure to gain economic integration through CMEA; East European trade with the USSR; Hungarian economic reforms The Prague Spring The Brezhnev Doctrine and the Helsinki Final Act (1975) Poland 1970–81 A general crisis of communism in Eastern Europe, 1989? The Soviet attitude Poland 1982–9 Hungary 1987–90 East Germany 1989–90 Bulgaria, 1989 and after Czechoslovakia 1989–90 Romania, 1989 and after Eastern Europe’s transition to EU membership; Slovakia The break-up of Yugoslavia Bosnia, civil war (1992–5) and after Kosovo 1998–9; Macedonia 2001 Ex-Yugoslavia and Albania PART 4 Conclusion 16 Perspectives on the Cold War and its aftermath Guide to further reading Index