Princeton Review series Paul Foglino Princeton Review Firm Cracking the AP chemistry exam-Random House 2012

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Title Page Copyright Acknowledgments Contents Introduction 1: Orientation What Is the AP Program? What Is the AP Chemistry Exam? Cracking the Multiple-Choice Section The Basics Pacing Guessing About Calculators Cracking the Free-Response Section Part A—Problems Cracking the Problems Part B—Reactions and Essays Cracking the Essays About the Topics Covered on the Test 2: Preparing for the AP Chemistry Exam The Months Before the Test The Week Before the Test The Day of the Test 3: Atomic Structure and the Periodic Table The Periodic Table Electrons Quantum Numbers The Aufbau Principle The Pauli Exclusion Principle Quantum Numbers and the Periodic Table Hund’s Rule Diamagnetism and Paramagnetism Electrons and Energy Names and Theories Periodic Trends Atomic Radius Ionization Energy Electron Affinity Electronegativity Chapter 3 Questions Chapter 3 Answers and Explanations 4: Bonding Coulomb’s Law Bonds Ionic Bonds Covalent Bonds Lewis Dot Structures Molecular Geometry Bonds Between Molecules—Attractive Forces in Solids and Liquids Network (Covalent) Bonds Metallic Bonds Van der Waals Forces Hydrogen Bonds Chapter 4 Questions Chapter 4 Answers and Explanations 5: Stoichiometry and Chemical Equations Some Math Significant Figures Logarithms Moles Moles and Molecules Moles and Grams Moles and Gases Moles and Solutions Percent Composition Empirical and Molecular Formulas Chemical Equations Balancing Chemical Equations Chemical Equations and Calculations Chapter 5 Questions Chapter 5 Answers and Explanations 6: Gases Standard Temperature and Pressure (STP) Kinetic Molecular Theory The Ideal Gas Equation Dalton’s Law Graham’s Law Van der Waals Equation Density Chapter 6 Questions Chapter 6 Answers and Explanations 7: Phase Changes The Phase Diagram Phase Changes Naming the Phase Changes Heat of Fusion Heat of Vaporization The Phase Diagram for Water The Heating Curve Chapter 7 Questions Chapter 7 Answers and Explanations 8: Thermodynamics The First and Second Laws of Thermodynamics State Functions Standard State Conditions Enthalpy Enthalpy Change, ∆H Heat of Formation, ∆H °f Bond Energy Hess’s Law Heat Capacity and Specific Heat Entropy Entropy Change, ∆S° Gibbs Free Energy Free Energy Change, ∆ ∆G, ∆H, and ∆S ∆G and ∆G° Standard Free Energy Change and the Equilibrium Constant Energy Diagrams Catalysts and Energy Diagrams Chapter 8 Questions Chapter 8 Answers and Explanations 9: Solutions Concentration Measurements Molarity Molality Mole Fraction Solutes and Solvents Colligative Properties Boiling-Point Elevation Freezing-Point Depression Vapor Pressure Lowering (Raoult’s Law) Osmotic Pressure Density Solubility Solubility Product (Ksp) The Common Ion Effect Solubility Rules Solubility of Gases Chapter 9 Questions Chapter 9 Answers and Explanations 10: Equilibrium The Equilibrium Constant, Keq Keq and Gases The Reaction Quotient, Q Keq and Multistep Processes Le Châtelier’s Law Concentration Volume Temperature Pressure Chapter 10 Questions Chapter 10 Answers and Explanations 11: Acids and Bases Definitions Arrhenius Brønsted-Lowry Lewis pH Weak Acids Weak Acids and Calculations Strong Acids Strong Acids and Calculations Kw Acid and Base Salts Acid-Base Salts and Calculations Buffers Polyprotic Acids and Amphoteric Substances Anhydrides Titration Chapter 11 Questions Chapter 11 Answers and Explanations 12: Kinetics The Rate Law Using Initial Concentrations The Rate Law Using Concentration and Time First-Order Rate Laws Second-Order Rate Laws Zero-Order Rate Laws Collision Theory The Rate Constant and Temperature Reaction Mechanisms Catalysts Kinetics and Equilibrium Chapter 12 Questions Chapter 12 Answers and Explanations 13: Oxidation-Reduction and Electrochemistry Oxidation States Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Reduction Potentials Voltage and Spontaneity Voltage and Equilibrium Galvanic Cells Electrolytic Cells Chapter 13 Questions Chapter 13 Answers and Explanations 14: Nuclear Decay Types of Nuclear Decay Alpha Emission Beta Emission Positron Emission Electron Capture Gamma Rays Nuclear Stability Half-Life Mass Defect and Binding Energy Chapter 14 Questions Chapter 14 Answers and Explanations 15: Laboratory Recommended Experiments Safety Accuracy Lab Procedures Methods of Separation Measuring Concentration Identifying Chemicals in Solution Precipitation Conduction Flame Tests Acid-Base Reaction Colored Solutions Laboratory Equipment Chapter 15 Questions Chapter 15 Answers and Explanations 16: Organic Chemistry Hydrocarbons Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes Hydrocarbon Rings Some Functional Groups Alcohols Organic Acids Halides Amines Aldehydes Ketones Ethers Esters Isomers Organic Reactions Chapter 16 Questions Chapter 16 Answers and Explanations 17: Descriptive Chemistry The Basics Scoring Cracking the Descriptive Chemistry Section 18: The Princeton Review AP Chemistry Practice Exam 1 19: Answers and Explanations for Practice Exam 1 20: The Princeton Review AP Chemistry Practice Exam 2 21: Answers and Explanations for Practice Exam 2 Index About the Author