Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 1661-1911

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In Agricultural Development in Qing China: A Quantitative Study, 16661-1911 SHI Zhihong offers for the first time an overview of agricultural development in Qing China in the English language. Contents List of Figures and Tables Figures Tables Emperors of the Qing dynasty Chinese Terms Weights and Measures Used during the Qing Dynasty Weights Volume Land Area Maps of China Introduction Origins of this Book Historical Data Used Research Approach Previous Studies Chapter 1 Cultivated Land Area 1.1 Why Official Qing Records are Not Accurate 1.2 Actual Area of Cultivated Land during the Qing Dynasty 1.2.1 Actual Area of Cultivated Land in 1724 and 1850 1.2.1.1 Cultivated Area in 1724 1.2.1.2 Cultivated Area in 1850 1.2.2 Actual Area of Cultivated Land in 1661, 1685, 1766 and 1812 1.2.2.1 Cultivated Area in 1661 Shaanxi and Gansu Provinces (Shaanxi) Hubei and Hunan Provinces (Huguang) Shanxi Province Jiangxi Province Zhejiang Province 1.2.2.2 Cultivated Area in 1685 1.2.2.3 Cultivated Area in 1766 and 1812 1.2.3 Actual Area of Cultivated Land in 1887 and 1911 Chapter 2 Grain Production: Per Unit Yield and Total Output 2.1 Average Yield of Grain Crops 2.1.1 Grain Yield Data Used 2.1.2 Average Per Mu Yield in 1850 2.1.2.1 Per Mu Yields of Rice Rice Yields in the South Rice Yields in the North 2.1.2.2 Per Mu Yield of Dry-Crops Dry-Crop Yields in the North Dry-Crop Yields in the South 2.1.2.3 Overall Average Grain Yield 2.1.3 Average Per Mu Yields at Other Time-Points 2.1.3.1 Average Yields from 1661 to 1812 2.1.3.2 Average Yields in the Late Qing for 1887 and 1911 2.2 Total Output of Grain 2.2.1 Cultivated Area Used for Grain Production 2.2.2 Total Output of Grain 2.2.2.1 Total Output of Grain in 1850 2.2.2.2 Total Output of Grain at Other Time-Points Chapter 3 Grain Output Value 3.1 Grain Price Data Used in this Study 3.2 Value of Grain Output in Various Periods of the Qing Dynasty 3.2.1 Value of Grain Output in 1850 3.2.2 Value of Grain Output at Other Time-Points 3.3 Production Cost and Value Added from Grain Production 3.3.1 Estimating Production Cost through Grain Consumption 3.3.1.1 Grain Consumption for Food 3.3.1.2 Grain for industrial and other purposes 3.3.2 Value Added from Grain Production in 1850 3.3.3 Value Added from Grain Production at Other Time-Points Chapter 4 Non-Grain Output Values and Total Agricultural Value 4.1 Cash-Crop Output Value 4.1.1 Estimates of Cash-Crop Output Benefit Per Unit Area 4.1.1.1 Cotton 4.1.1.2 Hemp 4.1.1.3 Mulberry 4.1.1.4 Tea 4.1.1.5 Sugar Cane 4.1.1.6 Tobacco 4.1.2 Total Output Value and Added Value of Cash Crops 4.1.2.1 Cash Crop Value in 1850 4.1.2.2 Cash-Crop Values in 1887 and 1911 4.1.2.3 Cash-Crop Value at Time-Points Before 1850 4.2 Output Value of Non-Crop-Based Agricultural Production and Gross/Added Values of Overall Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty 4.2.1 Previous Studies on Evaluating Non-Crop-Based Agricultural Productions 4.2.2 Estimation of Output Value of Non-Crop-Based Agricultural Production 4.2.2.1 Output Value of Non-Crop-Based Agriculture During 1812-1911 4.2.2.2 Output Value of Non-Crop-Based Agriculture Before the 19th Century 4.2.3 Gross/Added Value of Overall Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty Chapter 5 Development and Limitations of Agriculture in the Qing Dynasty 5.1 The Zenith of Traditional Agriculture in China 5.1.1 Cultivated Area 5.1.2 Grain Yield 5.1.3 Changes in Structure of Crop Farming 5.2 Limitations of Agricultural Development in the Qing Dynasty 5.2.1 Productivity of Labour 5.2.2 Per-Capita Indices of Cultivated Area and Grain Output Appendix A: Population I Official Population Statistics of the Qing Dynasty Ⅱ Estimates of National Population in the Qing Dynasty Appendix B: Cultivated Area Appendix C: Yield Per Unit Area Appendix D: Agrarian Structure, Rural Actors and Their Interaction in the System of Agricultural Production During the Qing Dynasty: Land Ownership, Peasants, Landlords and the State I Land Ownership II Peasants and Landlords: The Principal Actors in Agricultural Production Owner-Peasants Landlords and Tenants: Changes in the Tenancy System Employment Relationships III Peasants and the State References Index