Immunology for Dentistry

Description

Immunology for Dentistry Understand the fundamentals of oral immunology with this accessible reference Immunology for Dentistry fulfils the need for a comprehensive overview of oral immunology and its key aspects for dental medicine. Its broad-based and accessible coverage introduces readers to all essential elements of oral immunology, from mechanisms of the immune system through to specific diseases and pathogens and their interactions with the immune system. This thorough text will provide an understanding of the link between the oral immune system and oral microbiome as contributors to oral health. Readers will also find: A thorough introduction to the basic principles of immunology and immune responseDetailed coverage of subjects including stem cell immunology, periodontitis, hormone modulation in periodontal inflammation and moreColor diagrams demonstrating key concepts Authored by a team of international experts, Immunology for Dentistry provides a valuable approach to the fundamental and clinical aspects of immunology. It is a useful reference for dental students, teachers, and researchers, and will also be of interest to practicing dentists and specialists. Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements Chapter 1 Cells and Organs of the Immune System 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Origin of Immune Cells 1.3 Cells of the Immune System 1.4 Cells of the Myeloid Lineage: First Line of Defence 1.4.1 Neutrophils 1.4.2 Basophils 1.4.3 Mast Cells 1.4.4 Eosinophils 1.4.5 Mononuclear Phagocytes 1.4.6 Dendritic Cells 1.4.7 Erythrocytes and Platelets 1.4.8 Blood Clotting (Coagulation) 1.5 Cellsof the Lymphoid Lineage: Specific and Long-lasting Immunity 1.5.1 T Cells 1.5.2 Natural Killer Cells 1.5.3 B Cells 1.6 Lymphoid Tissues and Organs 1.6.1 Primary Lymphoid Organs 1.6.2 Secondary Lymphoid Organs Further Reading Chapter 2 Oral Immune System 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Mucosa 2.2.1 Microbiome of the Oral Cavity 2.2.2 Mucosal Immunity at the Epithelium 2.2.3 Immune Cells in the Epithelium 2.3 Gingiva 2.3.1 Gingival Crevicular Fluid 2.4 Lamina Propria 2.5 Oral Tolerance 2.6 Submucosa 2.7 Saliva and Salivary Glands 2.7.1 Immunity in Salivary Glands 2.8 Mucosa-associated Lymphoid Tissue 2.8.1 Tonsil Immunity 2.9 Lymph Nodes and the Lymphatic System 2.9.1 Lymph Node Immunity 2.10 Conclusion References Chapter 3 Mechanisms of Immune Responses 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Innate Immune Mechanisms 3.2.1 Preventing Entry Using Anatomical and Physiological Barriers 3.2.2 Non-specific Recognition and Defence against Harmful Agents 3.2.3 Pattern Recognition 3.2.4 Complement Activation 3.2.5 Inflammation 3.2.6 Phagocytosis 3.2.7 Target Cell Lysis 3.3 AdaptiveImmune Mechanisms 3.3.1 Specificity 3.3.2 Division of Labour 3.3.3 Immunological Memory 3.3.4 Diversity 3.3.5 Tolerance 3.4 Key Molecules and Interactions in Adaptive Immune Mechanisms 3.4.1 Antigen 3.4.2 Antibody 3.4.3 Major Histocompatibility Complex Molecules 3.4.4 T-cell Receptor 3.4.5 B-cell Receptor 3.5 Comparison Between Innate and Adaptive Immune Mechanisms 3.6 Immune Deficiencies Further Reading Chapter 4 Immune Responses in Wound Healing of Oral Tissues 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of Oral Tissues 4.3 Categories of Oral Tissue Injury 4.4 Stages of Wound Healing 4.4.1 Haemostasis Phase 4.4.2 Inflammation Phase 4.4.3 Proliferation Phase 4.4.4 Tissue Remodelling 4.5 Roleof Leucocytes in Wound Healing 4.5.1 Neutrophils 4.5.2 Macrophages 4.6 Spectrum of Wound Healing in the Oral Cavity Recommended Reading Lists Chapter 5 Stem Cell Immunology 5.1 Introduction 5.2 General Characteristics of Stem Cells 5.3 Types of Stem Cells 5.4 Immunology of Stem Cells 5.4.1 Immunogenicity and Immunomodulatory Effects of Stem Cells 5.4.2 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Dendritic Cells/Monocytes/Macrophages 5.4.3 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and T Cells 5.4.4 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Natural Killer Cells 5.4.5 Mesenchymal Stem Cells and B cells 5.5 Mesenchymal Stem Cell Growth Factors 5.6 Conclusion References Chapter 6 Trace Elements in Oral Immunology 6.1 Minerals and Trace Elements 6.2 Homeostasis of Trace Elements and Immunity 6.3 Effects of Minerals and Trace Elements on Immune Response 6.3.1 Selenium (Se) 6.3.2 Iron (Fe) 6.3.3 Manganese (Mn) 6.3.4 Copper (Cu) 6.3.5 Zinc (Zn) 6.3.6 Fluoride (F) 6.4 Trace Elements and Immunity of the Oral Cavity 6.4.1 Trace Elements in Periodontal Disease 6.4.2 Trace Elements in Caries 6.4.3 Trace Elements in Oral Malignancy 6.5 Conclusion References Chapter 7 Oral Microbiome and Oral Cancer 7.1 Definition of the Oral Microbiome 7.2 Biological Evolution of the Oral Microbiome 7.3 Acquiring the Oral Microbiome 7.4 Oral Biofilm or Dental Plaque 7.4.1 Initiation Phase of Oral Biofilm Formation 7.4.2 Progression Phase of Oral Biofilm Formation 7.4.3 Establishment Phase of Oral Biofilm Formation 7.4.4 Microbial Diversity of Oral Biofilms 7.5 Oral Cancer 7.5.1 Oral Carcinogenes is in Brief 7.5.2 Global Burden of Oral Cancer 7.6 Oral Microbiome as a Biomarker in Oral Cancer 7.7 Aetiological Factors of Oral Cancer 7.7.1 Tobacco smoking 7.7.2 Smokeless Tobacco 7.7.3 Areca Nut and Areca Nut-based Products 7.7.4 Slaked Lime 7.7.5 Alcohol Consumption 7.7.6 Human Papilloma Virus 7.8 Predisposing Factors for Oral Cancer 7.8.1 Genetic Susceptibility 7.8.2 Dietary Micronutrient Deficiencies 7.8.3 Immunosuppression 7.8.4 Age 7.8.5 Socioeconomic Factors 7.9 RiskFactors for Oral Cancer 7.9.1 Exposure to Excessive Solar Radiation and UV Light 7.9.2 Sulfur Dioxide, Pesticides, Aerosols from Strong Inorganic Acids 7.9.3 Indoor Air Pollution 7.9.4 Infection, Inflammation and Periodontitis 7.10 Mechanism of Carcinogenes is of Known Oral Carcinogens 7.10.1 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons 7.10.2 Nicotine-derived Nitrosamine Ketone (NNK) and N′-nitrosonornicotine (NNN) 7.10.3 Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species 7.10.4 Acetaldehyde 7.10.5 HPV Oncoproteins 7.11 Oral Bacteria and Immunological Tolerance 7.12 Oral Bacterial Synergy and Dysbiosis in Inflammatory Diseases 7.13 Oral Bacterial Synergy and Dysbiosis in Oral Cancer 7.14 Role of Bacteria in Oral Carcinogenesis 7.14.1 Direct Influence of Bacteria in Oral Carcinogenesis 7.14.2 Indirect Influence of Bacteria in Oral Carcinogenesis 7.15 Role of Viruses in Oral Carcinogenesis 7.15.1 Human Herpes Viruses Associated with Oral Cancer 7.15.2 Cytomegalovirus 7.16 Role of Fungi in Oral Cancer 7.16.1 Oral Mycobiome in Health and Disease 7.17 Association and Causation 7.18 Conclusion References Chapter 8 Oral Microbiome and Periodontitis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Dental Biofilm 8.2.1 Structure and Function of the Dental Biofilm 8.2.2 Changes in Dental Biofilm from Health to Disease 8.3 Microbial Diagnostic Methods 8.3.1 Human Microbiome Project 8.4 Microbes in Health and Periodontitis 8.4.1 Factors Affecting Microbial Composition 8.5 Microbial Interaction with the Host 8.6 Effect of Periodontal Therapy on the Microbiota 8.6.1 Antiseptics 8.6.2 Antibiotics 8.6.4 Photodynamic Therapy 8.6.5 Other Therapies 8.7 Conclusion References Chapter 9 Periodontitis and Systemic Diseases 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Prevalence of Periodontitis 9.3 Pathogenesis of Periodontitis 9.4 Systemic Spread of Bacteria from the Inflamed Periodontium 9.5 Systemic Spread of Inflammatory Mediators 9.6 Periodontitis and Diabetes 9.6.1 Diabetes – A Risk Factor for Periodontitis 9.6.2 Effects on Oral Microbiota in Diabetes With or Without Periodontitis 9.6.3 Common Inflammatory Responses in Diabetes and Periodontitis 9.6.4 Cross-talk of Pathogenesis Between Diabetes and Periodontitis 9.6.5 The Effect of Therapy on Bidirectional Disease 9.7 Periodontitis and Cardiovascular Disease 9.7.1 Epidemiological Association Between Periodontitis and CVD 9.7.2 Potential Causal Link Between Periodontitis and CVD 9.7.3 Impact of Periodontal Therapy on CVD 9.7.4 Summary of Periodontitis and CVD 9.8 Periodontitis and Obesity 9.8.1 Common Prevalence of Obesity and Periodontitis 9.8.2 Possible Mechanisms Linking Obesity and Periodontitis 9.8.3 Effect of Obesity on Periodontal Therapy 9.9 Periodontitis and Rheumatoid Arthritis 9.9.1 Epidemiological Evidence on the Association Between RA and PD 9.9.2 Plausible Causal Links Between RA and PD 9.9.3 Common Tissue Destruction Pathway in RA and PD 9.9.4 The Effect of Periodontal Therapy on RA 9.9.5 Summary of Periodontitis and RA 9.10 Clinical Significance of the Periodontal–Systemic Disease Link References Chapter 10 Immunology of Tooth Movement and Root Resorption in Orthodontics 10.1 Orthodontic Tooth Movement: Definition and Theories 10.1.1 Pressure–Tension Theory 10.1.2 Biological Electric Theory 10.1.3 Biomechanical Theory 10.1.4 Biphasic Theory 10.2 Principal Tissues of Orthodontic Tooth Movement 10.2.1 Periodontal Ligament and Cells Within 10.2.2 Alveolar Bone 10.3 Chemical Mediators in Tooth Movement 10.3.1 Proinflammatory Cytokines 10.3.2 Chemokines 10.3.3 Anti-inflammatory Cytokines 10.3.4 Prostaglandins 10.3.5 Growth Factors 10.3.6 Neurotransmitters 10.3.7 Osteopontin 10.4 Orthodontic Pain Management and Cytokine Expression 10.5 Immune Response in Osteoperforations During Accelerated Orthodontic Movement 10.6 Root Resorption in Orthodontics 10.6.1 Mechanism of Root Resorption 10.6.2 Cellular Response in the Initiation of Root Resorption 10.6.3 Metabolic Response in Orthodontically Induced Root Resorption 10.7 Conclusion References Chapter 11 Sex Hormone Modulation in Periodontal Inflammation and Healing 11.1 Periodontal Disease and Its Inflammatory Nature 11.2 Periodontitis 11.3 Periodontal Treatment and Modulators of Periodontal Healing 11.4 Sex Steroid Hormones in Periodontal Tissues 11.5 Effects of Female Sex Steroids on Periodontal Tissues 11.6 Effects of Male Sex Steroids on Periodontal Tissues 11.7 Effects of Puberty on Periodontal Tissues 11.8 Effects of Menstrual Cycle on Periodontal Tissues 11.9 Effects of Pregnancy on Periodontal Tissues and Clinical Manifestations 11.10 Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives on Periodontal Tissues and Clinical Manifestations 11.11 Effects of Menopause on Periodontal Tissues and Clinical Manifestations 11.12 Sex Steroid Receptor Expression and Modulatory Effects in Periodontal Tissues 11.13 Mechanisms of Action of Sex Steroid Hormones in Periodontal Tissues 11.13.1 Cellular Proliferation 11.13.2 Folate Metabolism 11.13.3 Tissue Vasculature 11.13.4 Immune Reactivity 11.13.5 Inflammatory Mediators 11.13.6 Change in Microbial Ecology 11.14 Altered Metabolism of Sex Steroids 11.15 Clinical Applications 11.16 Conclusion Further Reading Chapter 12 Dental Alloy-associated Innate Immune Response 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Metals and Their Application in Dental Alloys 12.3 Metal Ion Release from Dental Alloys 12.4 Local and Systemic Adverse Reactivity to Metal Alloys 12.4.1 Local Adverse Reactions (Table 12.3) 12.4.2 Systemic Adverse Reactions (Figure 12.2) 12.5 Immunological Aspects of Oral Metal Exposure 12.5.1 Oral Immune Responses to Metals 12.5.2 Innate Immune Response to Metals 12.5.3 Adaptive Immune Response to Metals 12.6 Sensitising Capacity of Metals 12.6.1 Allergenicity 12.6.2 In vivo Allergenicity Testing 12.6.3 Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship (QSAR) 12.6.4 Cell-based Allergenicity Testing References Chaper 13 Inflammation and Immune Response in Arthrogenous Temporomandibular Disorders 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Anatomy of the Temporomandibular Joint 13.3 Temporomandibular Disorders 13.4 Female Predilection in Temporomandibular Disorders: An Immunological Perspective 13.5 Inflammation in Arthrogenous Temporomandibular Disorders 13.6 Cytokines in Temporomandibular Disorders 13.6.1 Interleukin-1 13.6.2 Tumour Necrosis Factor Alpha 13.6.3 Interleukin-6 13.6.4 Interleukin-8 13.7 Pain and Inflammation in the Temporomandibular Joint 13.8 Other Inflammation-related Biomarkers in Temporomandibular Disorders 13.9 Conclusion References Chapter 14 Prospects of Passive Immunotherapy to Treat Pulpal Inflammation 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Current Status of Immunotherapy in Periodontitis 14.3 Immunotherapies for Dental Caries 14.4 Inflammatory Responses in Dental Pulp 14.5 Cytokines in Pulpal Inflammation 14.6 Antimicrobial Peptides in Pulpal Defence 14.7 Potential for Immunotherapy to Treat Pulpal Inflammation 14.8 Immunoregulation/Immunomodulation for Dental Pulp Therapy 14.8.1 Molecular Therapy Candidates 14.8.2 Cell Therapy Involving Mesenchymal Stem Cells 14.8.3 Anticytokine and Antibody Molecules 14.8.4 Modified Dental Biomaterials for Immunomodulation 14.8.5 Epigenetic Regulating Molecules 14.8.6 MicroRNA Technologies 14.8.7 Miscellaneous Therapies with Potential for Pulpal Regeneration 14.9 Conclusion References Chapter 15 Techniques in Immunology 15.1 Principles of Immunoassays 15.1.1 Interaction between Antigen and Antibody 15.1.2 Direct and Indirect Immunoassays 15.1.3 Samples Suitable for Immunoassays 15.1.4 Antibodies for Immunoassays 15.1.5 Use of Polyclonal or Monoclonal Antibodies 15.1.6 Specificity and Sensitivity of Ag–Ab Binding 15.1.7 Reporter (Visualisation Marker) and Linker 15.1.8 Different Types of Immunoassays and Their Applications 15.2 Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay 15.2.1 Basic Concept and Steps 15.2.2 Types of ELISA 15.2.3 General Steps in Direct or Indirect ELISA 15.2.4 Variations and Advances in ELISA 15.2.5 Analysis of Results of ELISA 15.3 Immunohisto-(cyto-)-chemical Staining 15.3.1 Basic Concept of IHC/ICC 15.3.2 Basic Requirements for IHC/ICC Staining 15.3.3 Basic Steps in ICC/IHC 15.3.4 Troubleshooting in IHC/ICC 15.3.5 Reducing High Background in IHC/ICC Staining 15.3.6 Increasing Staining Intensity 15.4 Western Blotting 15.4.1 Basic Concept 15.4.2 Major Steps in Western Blotting 15.4.3 Basic Requirements for Western Blotting 15.4.4 Transferring (Blotting) Proteins from Gel to Membrane (Figure 15.11) 15.4.5 Buffers for Western Blotting 15.4.6 Protocol for Immunostaining of Proteins on Membranes 15.4.7 Trouble Shooting in Immunoblotting 15.5 Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis 15.5.1 Principles of PAGE 15.5.2 Determination of Pore Size for Polyacrylamide Gel 15.5.3 Preparing Polyacrylamide Gel: Separation of the Proteins 15.5.4 Detection of the Separated Proteins in the Gel 15.5.5 Troubleshooting in Electrophoresis 15.6 Flow Cytometry 15.6.1 Basic Concept of Flow Cytometry and Fluorescence-activated Cell Sorting 15.6.2 The Flow Cytometer 15.6.3 Selection of Fluorescence and Fluorophore 15.6.4 Basic Steps in Flow Cytometry or FACS Analysis 15.6.5 Data Analysis for Flow Cytometry or FACS 15.6.6 Applications of Flow Cytometry Chapter 16 Control Selection and Statistical Analyses in Immunological Research 16.1 Control Selection 16.1.1 Example of a Simple Immunohistochemical-based Research Design 16.1.2 Possible Results and Their Interpretation 16.1.3 Types and Number of Control Samples 16.2 Statistical Analyses in Immunological Research 16.2.1 Considerations for Choosing the Right Statistical Test 16.2.2 Assumptions for Statistical Tests 16.2.3 Variables: The Core of Statistical Testing 16.2.4 Understanding the Relationship between Variables and Data 16.2.5 Choosing a Parametric Test 16.2.6 Choosing a Non-parametric Test 16.2.7 Interpretation of Statistical Tests 16.2.8 Technical Replicates and Biological Replicates 16.2.9 Repeating Experiments Further Reading Index EULA