Physical Geography

Description

Preface Foreword to the Student Brief Contents Contents List of Major Maps Author Biographies Ch 1: Physical Geography: Earth Environments and Systems The Study of Geography Physical Geography Geographic Tools and Technology Major Perspectives in Physical Geography Using Models and Systems Physical Geography and You Chapter 1 Activities Ch 2: Representations of Earth Maps and Location on Earth The Geographic Grid Maps and Map Projections Modern Mapmaking Remote Sensing of the Environment Multispectral Remote Sensing Chapter 2 Activities Map Interpretation: Topographic Maps Ch 3: Solar Energy and Earth-Sun Relationships The Solar System and Beyond The Earth-Sun System Insolation, Sun Angle, and Duration Chapter 3 Activities Ch 4: The Atmosphere, Temperature, and Earth's Energy Budget The Nature of Our Atmosphere Energy Transfer Processes Earth's Energy Budget Air Temperature Weather and Climate Complexity of Earth's Energy Systems Chapter 4 Activities Ch 5: Atmospheric Pressure, Winds, and Circulation Patterns Atmospheric Pressure Cells of High and Low Pressure Wind Global Pressure and Wind Systems Global Wind Systems Upper Air Winds and Jet Streams Regional and Local Wind Systems Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions Chapter 5 Activities Ch 6: Humidity, Condensation, and Precipitation The Hydrologic Cycle Water in the Atmosphere Sources of Atmospheric Moisture Condensation, Fog, and Clouds Adiabatic Heating and Cooling Precipitation Processes Distribution of Precipitation Precipitation Variability Chapter 6 Activities Ch 7: Air Masses and Weather Systems Air Masses Fronts Atmospheric Disturbances Chapter 7 Activities Map Interpretation: Weather Maps Ch 8: Global Climates and Climate Change Classifying Climates Climate Change Recent Climate Change Chapter 8 Activities Graph Interpretation: The Koppen Climate Classification System Ch 9: Low-Latitude and Arid Climate Regions Humid Tropical Climate Regions Arid Climate Regions Chapter 9 Activities Ch 10: Midlatitude, Polar, and Highland Climate Regions Mesothermal Climate Regions Microthermal Climate Regions Polar Climate Regions Highland Climate Regions Chapter 10 Activities Ch 11: Biogeography Ecosystems Environmental Controls Classification of Terrestrial Ecosystems Forest Biomes Grassland Biomes Desert Environments Arctic and Alpine Tundra Marine Ecosystems The Resilience of Life Forms Chapter 11 Activities Ch 12: Soils and Soil Development Major Soil Components Soil Characteristics Development of Soil Horizons Factors Affecting Soil Formation Soil-Forming Regimes Soil Classification Soil as a Critical Natural Resource Chapter 12 Activities Ch 13: Earth Materials and Plate Tectonics Earth's Planetary Structure Earth Materials Plate Tectonics Geologic Time and Paleogeography Chapter 13 Activities Ch 14: Tectonism and Volcanism Introduction to Geomorphology Tectonics Forces, Structures, and Landforms Earthquakes Igneous Processes and Landforms Distribution of Endogenic Processes Chapter 14 Activities Map Interpretation: Volcanic Landforms Ch 15: Weathering and Mass Wasting Nature of Exogenic Processes Weathering Variability in Weathering Mass Wasting Weathering, Mass Wasting, and the Landscape Chapter 15 Activities Ch 16: Subsurface Water and Karst Nature of Underground Water Springs Using Groundwater Resources Landform Development by Solution Chapter 16 Activities Map Interpretation: Karst Topography Ch 17: Fluvial Processes and Landforms Surface Runoff The Stream System Flow Properties Fluvial Processes Channel Patterns Fluvial Landscapes Rivers, Lakes, and People Quantitative Fluvial Geomorphology Chapter 17 Activities Map Interpretation: Fluvial Landforms Ch 18: Arid Region and Eolian Landforms Surface Runoff in the Desert Water as a Geomorphic Agent in Arid Lands Wind as a Geomorphic Agent Sand Dunes Loess Deposits Landscape Development in Deserts Chapter 18 Activities Map Interpretation: Desert Basin Landforms Map Interpretation: Eolian Landforms Ch 19: Glacial Systems and Landforms Glacier Formation and the Hydrologic Cycle Types of Glaciers How Do Glaciers Flow? Glaciers as Geomorphic Agents Alpine Glaciers Continental Glaciers Glacial Lakes Periglacial Landscapes Chapter 19 Activities Map Interpretation: Alpine Glaciation Map Interpretation: Continental Glaciation Ch 20: Coastal Processes and Landforms The Coastal Zone Origin and Nature of Waves Coastal Geomorphic Processes Types of Coasts Islands and Coral Reefs Change over Time Chapter 20 Activities Map Interpretation: Active-Margin Coastlines Map Interpretation: Passive-Margin Coastlines Appendix A: International System of Units (SI), Abbreviations, and Conversions Appendix B: Topographic Maps Appendix C: Understanding and Recognizing Some Common Rocks Glossary Index