Pesticides Bioremediation

Description

This volume offers the latest theory, procedures, techniques and applications pertaining to the bioremediation of pesticides, as well as current case studies. The book is composed of chapters written by global experts and is divided into three topical sections. Section A deals with concepts and mechanisms of pesticides bioremediation; Section B examines latest tools and techniques; Section C offers global case studies of pesticides bioremediation. The novel methods described here are timely, as traditional pesticide usage leads to high wastage via decay, vaporization and seepage. This of course leads to environmental contamination and has necessitated the development and use of novel technologies like bioremediation for minimizing the impact of pesticides on the environment. This volume will be of relevance to academics, researchers and students who are working in the realm of pesticide bioremediation, and will enable policy makers and managerial experts across the globe in drafting policies and strategies for the management and treatment of pesticides. Preface Contents Part I: Concepts and Mechanisms of Usage of Pesticides Bioremediation Chapter 1: Impact of Organochlorine Pesticides on Soil Microflora and Soil Fertility 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Soil Microflora and Soil Fertility 1.2.1 Soil Microorganisms 1.2.1.1 Bacteria 1.2.1.2 Actinomycetes 1.2.1.3 Fungi 1.2.1.4 Soil Algae 1.2.1.5 Protozoa 1.2.1.6 Soil Viruses 1.2.2 Role of Soil Microbes in Soil Fertility 1.3 Organochlorine Pesticides’ (OCP’s) Impact on Soil Microflora 1.3.1 Infiltration of Organochlorine Pesticides into the Microbial Environment 1.3.2 Biological Accumulation of Organochlorine Pesticides in the Microbial Environment 1.4 OCPs and Soil Microflora and Fertility 1.4.1 Impact of OCP on Different Microbes 1.4.1.1 Bacteria 1.4.1.2 Cyanobacteria 1.4.1.3 Fungi 1.4.1.4 Algae 1.4.1.5 Protozoans 1.4.2 Synergism of OCP on Soil Microflora 1.5 Alleviating Pesticide Toxicity 1.5.1 Biopesticides 1.5.1.1 Microbial Pesticides 1.5.1.2 Plant-Based Biopesticides 1.5.2 Bioremediation 1.5.2.1 Microbial Bioremediation 1.5.2.2 Bioremediation by Earthworms 1.5.2.3 Phytoremediation 1.5.3 Microbial Biodegradation of Pesticides 1.5.4 Education to Farmers, Distributors, and Other Stakeholders 1.6 Conclusion References Chapter 2: Phytoremediation of Environmental Matrices Contaminated with Photosystem II-Inhibiting Herbicides 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Photosystem II-Inhibiting Herbicides 2.2.1 Mechanism Mode of Action of PS II-Inhibiting Herbicides 2.2.2 Development of Plant Resistance of Plants to PS II-Inhibiting Herbicides 2.3 Removal of Contaminants by Physicochemical Methods Versus Phytoremediation 2.4 Degradation of Herbicides by Microbial Species 2.5 Vascular Plant Species and Algae Used for Phytoremediation of PS II-Inhibiting Herbicides 2.5.1 Grasses 2.5.2 Aquatic Plants 2.5.2.1 Freshwater Macrophytes 2.5.2.2 Seaweeds and Seagrasses 2.5.3 Algae and Cyanobacteria 2.5.4 Woody Species 2.5.5 Crops 2.5.6 Other Plants 2.5.7 Transgenic Plants 2.6 Electrokinetic-Assisted Phytoremediation 2.7 Conclusion References Chapter 3: Fipronil Microbial Degradation: An Overview From Bioremediation to Metabolic Pathways 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Fipronil 3.3 Toxicity 3.4 Fipronil Degradation 3.4.1 Bacteria Biodegradation 3.4.2 Biodegradation by Fungi 3.5 Enzymes 3.6 Partial Metabolic Pathways 3.7 Methods for Studies Past, Present, and Future—Molecular, Omics, and Analytical 3.7.1 Analytical Approaches 3.7.2 Omics Approaches: New Insight into a Bioremediation 3.7.3 Metatranscriptomics 3.7.4 RT-PCR Approach 3.8 Conclusions References Chapter 4: Bioremediation of Cucurbitacins from Cucurbitacin Phytonematicides 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Cucurbitacin Phytonematicides 4.2.1 Sources of Cucurbitacin Phytonematicides 4.2.2 Preparation of Cucurbitacin Phytonematicides 4.2.3 Role of EM Components During the Fermentation Process 4.2.4 Unique Features of Cucurbitacin Phytonematicides 4.2.5 Shelf Life of Cucurbitacin Phytonematicides 4.3 Bioremediation Drivers of Cucurbitacin Phytonematicides 4.3.1 Potential Effects of Plants on Bioremediation of Cucurbitacins 4.3.2 Bioremediation of Cucurbitacins by Effective Microbes 4.3.3 Bioremediation of Cucurbitacins by Ecdysozoans 4.3.3.1 Nematode Cuticles 4.3.3.2 Role of Epicuticle in Bioremediation of Cucurbitacins 4.3.3.3 Role of Subcuticular Layers in Bioremediation of Cucurbitacins 4.3.3.4 Evidence of Isoprenylation and Farnesylation in Nematodes 4.4 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 5: Following the Steps Towards Glyphosate Bioremediation. How Close Are We to Field Success? 5.1 Introduction: Glyphosate 5.2 Current Use and Concerns 5.3 Ecosystem Effects 5.4 Glyphosate's Paradox 5.5 Glyphosate Removal Efforts 5.6 Current Approach for Bioremediation 5.7 Setting the Basis for the Future in Bioremediation 5.8 Changing Lanes Towards Future Strategies 5.9 Conclusion References Chapter 6: Role of Enzymes in Biodegradatison of Pesticides: General Aspects and Recent Advances 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Organochlorine Pesticides 6.3 Organophosphorus Pesticides 6.4 Carbamates 6.5 Pyrethroids 6.6 Different Approaches for Pesticide Remediation 6.6.1 Physicochemical Methods 6.6.2 Biological Methods 6.7 Several Enzymes Involved in Pesticide Degradation 6.8 Conclusion References Chapter 7: The Environmental Implication and Microbial Remediation of Pesticide Pollution: A Critical Assessment of the Concept, Strategies, and Future Perspective 7.1 Introduction to Persistent Agrochemical/Pesticides 7.2 Prevalence and Fate of Pesticides in the Environment 7.3 Environmental Implications of Pesticides and Overview of Mitigation Strategies 7.3.1 Bioattenuation, Biostimulation, and Bioaugmentation: An Efficient Strategies of Bioremediation 7.3.1.1 Bioattenuation 7.3.1.2 Biostimulation 7.3.1.3 Bioaugmentation 7.4 Bioremediation as a Sustainable Alternative of Pesticide Degradation 7.4.1 Microbial Degradation 7.4.2 Chemical Degradation 7.4.3 Photodegradation 7.4.4 Phytoremediation 7.4.5 Fungal Bioremediation 7.4.6 Mechanisms of Bioremediation 7.4.7 Factors Affecting Microbial Bioremediation 7.4.7.1 Biotic or Biological Factors 7.4.8 Limitations of Bioremediation 7.5 Recent Advance Tools Used For Enhanced Efficiency Of Pesticides Bioremediation 7.5.1 Enzyme Technology 7.5.1.1 Oxidoreductases Oxygenase 7.5.1.2 Hydrolases Phosphotriesterases (PTEs) Esterases 7.5.2 Genetic Engineering 7.5.3 Gene Editing Tool 7.5.4 Cell Immobilization 7.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Part II: Latest Tools and Techniques of Pesticides Bioremediation Chapter 8: Pesticide Bioremediation: OMICs Technologies for Understanding the Processes 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Pesticide Classification 8.3 Microbial Biodegradation and Bioremediation of Pesticides 8.3.1 Microbial Population 8.3.2 Pesticide Composition 8.3.3 Environmental Parameters 8.4 Pesticide Degradation Pathways 8.4.1 Organophosphate Biodegradation Pathway 8.4.2 Carbaryl Degradation Pathway 8.5 Applications of the OMICs in Pesticides Bioremediation 8.5.1 Genomics 8.5.2 Metagenomics 8.5.3 Transcriptomics 8.5.4 Proteomics 8.5.5 Metabolomics 8.6 Future Prospects References Chapter 9: Bioremediation of Pesticides Using Microbial Consortium: Challenges and Future Perspectives 9.1 Introduction 9.2 History of Pesticides 9.3 Classification and Effects of Pesticides 9.4 Bioremediation 9.5 Developments and Applications of Bioremediation Techniques 9.6 Conclusion and Future Outlook References Chapter 10: Advances in Biological Treatment Technologies for Some Emerging Pesticides 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Pesticides as Emerging Contaminants (ECs) 10.2.1 Types of Emerging Pesticides 10.2.2 Common Features of Pesticides 10.2.3 Persistence of Pesticides 10.2.4 Health Effects of Pesticides 10.2.5 Environmental Outcome of Pesticides 10.3 Removal Strategies of Pesticides 10.3.1 Physical and Chemical Methods 10.3.2 Biological (Bioremediation) Processes of Remediation 10.3.2.1 Off-Site Bioremediation Approaches (OSB) Contaminated Soil Treatment Composting 10.3.2.2 In-Place Bioremediation (IPB) Bioaugmentation Phytoremediation Mycoremediation Bactoremediation Phycoremediation Phytoextraction/Phytoaccumulation Phytodegradation (Phytotransformation) Rhizoremediation 10.4 Detrimental Factors for Emerging Pesticides Bioremediation in Soil 10.5 Merits and Demerits of Biodegradation of Pesticides 10.6 Genetics for Pesticide Degradation 10.7 Future Perspectives References Chapter 11: Role of Metal Nanomaterials in Bioremediation of Pesticides 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Main Classes of Chemical Pesticides Utilized in Agriculture and Their Harmful Effects 11.2.1 Organochlorine Pesticides 11.2.2 Organophosphate Pesticides 11.2.3 Carbamates 11.2.4 Synthetic-Pyrethroid Pesticide 11.3 Pesticide Bioremediation 11.3.1 In Situ Bioremediation 11.3.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation 11.4 Nano-Based Approaches for Pesticide Bioremediation 11.5 Role of Different Metal Nanomaterials in Detection of Pesticide Levels 11.5.1 Nanosensor 11.6 Green Synthesis of Metal Nanomaterial for Pesticide Bioremediation 11.7 Metal Nanomaterials in Bioremediation of Pesticides 11.7.1 Metal Nanoparticles 11.7.1.1 Iron Nanoparticles Zero-Valent Iron (ZVI) 11.7.1.2 Gold Nanoparticles 11.7.1.3 Silver Nanoparticles 11.7.2 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials 11.7.2.1 Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles 11.7.2.2 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles 11.7.2.3 Silica Oxide Nanoparticles 11.7.2.4 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles 11.7.3 Bimetallic Nanoparticles 11.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 12: Sensor Applications for Detection in Agricultural Products, Foods, and Water 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Pesticide Impact on Food and Water 12.3 Typical Sensors for Pesticide Detection 12.3.1 Electrochemical Detection 12.3.2 Optical Sensors 12.3.2.1 Luminescence and Fluorescence-Based Sensors 12.3.2.2 SPR and LSPR Based Sensors 12.3.2.3 SERS Based Sensors 12.3.2.4 Colorimetric Sensor 12.3.3 Piezoelectric Sensor 12.3.4 Enzyme-Based Sensor 12.4 Conclusion and Outlook References Chapter 13: Algae Mediated Pesticides Bioremediation: Mechanisms, Approaches, Limitations, and Prospects for Future Research 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Pesticides: Why Is Their Need Inevitable? 13.1.2 Pesticides 13.2 Microalgae as Biocontrol Agents of Pesticides in Agricultural Practices 13.2.1 Pesticides in Agriculture 13.2.2 Algae as Bioremediator of Pesticides 13.3 The Global Scenario on the Consumption of Pesticides 13.3.1 Commercially Available Products to Target Species 13.3.2 Market Demand 13.3.3 Key Manufacturing Companies 13.4 Cultivation, Screening, Identification, and Characterization of Microalgae 13.4.1 Cultivation of Microalgae 13.4.2 Photoautotrophic Cultivation 13.4.3 Heterotrophic Cultivation 13.4.4 Mixotrophic Cultivation 13.4.5 Factors Affecting the Growth of Algae 13.4.6 Screening, Identification, and Characterization of Microalgae 13.5 Algae Mediated Metabolic Mechanism for Pesticide Removal 13.5.1 Biosorption 13.5.2 Bioaccumulation 13.5.3 Biodegradation 13.6 Methods for the Higher Removal of Pesticides by Algae 13.6.1 Acclimation 13.6.2 Algae and Bacteria Co-cultivation 13.6.3 Microalgae Immobilization 13.6.4 Reprocessing of Algae After Pollutant Removal 13.6.4.1 Biodiesel and Biochar Production 13.6.4.2 Using as a Potential Feedstock for Biofuels Production 13.6.4.3 Limitations in the Algae Biotechnological Pollutant Removal 13.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives References Chapter 14: Remedial Potential of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) for Pesticide Residues: Recent Trends and Future Challenges 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Soil Pollution with Pesticide Residues and Its Effect on PGPR 14.3 Compatibility of PGPR with Pesticides 14.4 Remedial Potential of PGPR for Pesticide Residues 14.5 Plant-PGPR Beneficial Interactions for Pesticides-Contaminated Soil Remediation 14.6 Recent Trends in Remedial Potential of Pesticide Residues by PGPR and Future Challenges References Chapter 15: Microalgae: A Promising Tool for Pesticide Mitigation in Wastewater 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Microalgae Cultivation 15.3 Pesticide Degradation by Microalgae Cultivation and Metabolic Mechanism 15.3.1 Bioadsorption 15.3.2 Bioaccumulation 15.3.3 Biodegradation 15.3.3.1 Acclimatization 15.3.3.2 Immobilization of Microalgae 15.4 Constraints and Future Perspectives 15.5 Conclusions References Part III: Applications and Global Case Studies of Pesticides Bioremediation Chapter 16: Soils Contaminated with Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs): Current Situations, Management, and Bioremediation Techniques: A Mexican Case Study 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs) 16.2.1 What Are POPs 16.2.2 Sources, Pollution, and Other Environmental Impacts 16.3 Human Health Threats 16.4 POPs Environmental Biomonitoring and Ecotoxicology 16.4.1 At the Individual Level 16.4.2 At the Population Level 16.4.3 At the Community Level 16.5 Soils Polluted by POPs in Mexico 16.6 International and Mexican Regulation Related to POPs 16.7 Management Alternatives of POPs in Mexico 16.8 Bioremediation Alternatives of POPs 16.9 Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Chapter 17: Integrated Application of Green Nanotechnology, Bioremediation, and Solubility Enhancing Chemicals for Improving Phytoremediation Efficiency: A Case Study in Egypt 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Enhancing Phytoremediation Technology 17.2.1 Green Nanotechnology for Enhancing Phytoremediation 17.2.2 Enhance the Performance of nZVI Strategy 17.2.3 Plant-Associated Microorganisms for Enhancing Phytoremediation Efficiency 17.2.4 Enhancing Phytoremediation of Organic Pollutants by Biosurfactants 17.2.5 Enhancing Phytoremediation of Pollutants in Soil Chemically 17.3 Applicability in Egypt: A Case Study References Chapter 18: Environmental Bioremediation as an Eco-sustainable Approach for Pesticides: A Case Study of MENA Region 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Status of Pesticides Used in MENA Region 18.3 Bioremediation Strategies 18.3.1 History and Application 18.3.2 Bioremediation Techniques 18.3.2.1 In Situ Bioremediation Bioventing Biosparging Bioaugmentation 18.3.2.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation Land Farming Compositing Biopiling 18.3.3 Methods for Pesticide Bioremediation 18.4 Microbial Remediation for Pesticides 18.4.1 Bacteria 18.4.2 Cyanobacteria 18.4.3 Fungi 18.5 Challenges of Bioremediation 18.6 Conclusions References Chapter 19: Progress in Pesticides Bioremediation from South Asian Countries: Challenges and Way Forward 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Strategies for Pesticide Remediation: Progress Made in Bioremediation from South Asian countries 19.3 Bacterial Bioremediation 19.4 Phytoremediation (Phytodegradation and Phytoextraction) 19.5 Microbial-assisted phytoremediation 19.6 Myco- and Phycoremediators 19.7 Pesticide Scenario of South Asian Countries 19.8 Current Research and Advances in Pesticide Bioremediation in the Region 19.9 Challenges and Way Forward References Index