Exploring the Spanish Language : An Introduction to Its Structures and Varieties

Description

Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Dedication Table of Contents Foreword Acknowledgements Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Prescription and description 1.2 Pedagogical rules 1.3 Standard language and prestige norms 1.4 Variation 1.5 The organisation of this book 2 The sounds of Spanish 2.1 How to describe and represent sounds 2.1.1 Vowels, consonants, semivowels and liquids 2.1.2 Describing consonants 2.1.3 Describing vowels 2.1.4 Diphthongs and triphthongs 2.2 A comparison of features of English and Spanish pronunciation 2.2.1 Vowels 2.2.2 Consonants 2.3 Sounds and phonemes 2.3.1 Phonemes and allophones 2.3.2 Phonemic status of the semivowels 2.3.3 Contextual neutralisations 2.3.4 Phonetic and phonemic changes in progress in varieties of modern Spanish 2.4 The relation between pronunciation and spelling 2.4.1 Spelling systems 2.4.2 Text messaging and social media 2.5 Spanish syllable structure and the phenomenon of sinalefa 2.5.1 Syllables 2.5.2 Hiatus 2.5.3 Sinalefa 2.6 Stress: the issue of 'predictability' of word stress in Spanish 2.7 Some intonation patterns in Spanish 2.7.1 Stress 2.7.1.1 Contrastive stress 2.7.1.2 English stress and Spanish adjective position 2.7.1.3 Stressed and unstressed pronouns in Spanish and English 2.7.2 Pitch contours 2.7.2.1 Intonation and word order 2.7.2.2 Some differences between Spanish and English 2.7.2.3 Regional variation For discussion and further study 3 Spanish words and their structure 3.1 The traditional 'parts of speech' 3.2 Spanish as an inflecting language 3.3 Criteria for morphological analysis 3.4 Some patterns in derivational morphology 3.5 Spanish affective suffixes 3.6 Word meaning 3.7 Semantic fields and their structure For discussion and further study For discussion and further study 4 Spanish sentences and their structure 4.1 What is a sentence? 4.1.1 Spanish as a 'pro-drop' language 4.1.2 Impersonal verbs 4.2 'Sentences' in the spoken language 4.3 The constituent elements of a sentence: the valency of verbs 4.3.1 Syntactic relations 4.3.2 Semantic relations 4.3.3 Syntactic category 4.3.4 The interplay of syntax and semantics in the valencies of verbs 4.3.4.1 Active and passive 4.3.4.2 Reflexive 4.3.5 Differing valencies in English and Spanish 4.3.5.1 General 4.3.5.2 A case study 4.4 Other simple sentence types 4.4.1 Interrogative sentences 4.4.2 Imperative sentences 4.4.3 Word order in simple sentences 4.5 Complex sentence types 4.5.1 Complementation 4.5.2 Adjectival clause functions 4.5.2.1 Full clauses 4.5.2.2 The infinitive 4.5.2.3 The gerund 4.5.3 Adverbial clause functions For discussion and further study 5 Themes in form and meaning: the 'genius' of Spanish 5.1 Gender 5.2 The 'neuter article' lo 5.3 The ‘personal a’ 5.4 Modality and the subjunctive 5.4.1 Subjunctive use determined by context 5.4.2 The subjunctive associated with particular contexts 5.4.2.1 Conditional sentences 5.4.2.2 The subjunctive in temporal clauses 5.4.2.3 Other idiosyncrasies of Spanish 5.4.3 Meaningful uses of the subjunctive 5.4.3.1 Possibility 5.4.3.2 Relative clauses 5.4.3.3 Extending the rules 5.5 The reflexive 5.5.1 The versatility of the Spanish reflexive 5.5.1.1 Pragmatic considerations 5.5.1.2 The valency of verbs 5.5.1.3 Overlap of functions 5.5.2 Further exploitation of the reflexive in Spanish 5.6 Being and becoming 5.6.1 Ser and estar 5.6.1.1 Ser and estar with adjectives 5.6.1.2 Ser with nouns 5.6.1.3 Ser and estar with locative complements 5.6.1.4 Ser and estar with past participles 5.6.2 Becoming For discussion and further study 6 Regional and social variation 6.1 Standard written language 6.1.1 Standardisation 6.1.2 The spoken language 6.2 Regional variation 6.2.1 Linguistic atlases 6.2.2 'Dialects' 6.2.3 Spain 6.2.3.1 The characteristics of Castilian 6.2.3.1.1 Castilian in contrast with other Peninsular Romance varieties 6.2.3.1.2 'Innovating' and 'conservative' varieties 6.2.3.1.3 Differences between the modern standard and the speech of Old and New Castile 6.2.3.2 Further variation in spoken Peninsular Castilian: Andalusia 6.2.3.2.1 Phonetic features 6.2.3.2.2 Phonemic consequences of Andalusian phonetic changes 6.2.3.2.3 Morphological and syntactic features 6.2.3.2.4 Vocabulary 6.2.3.2.5 An example of Andalusian speech 6.2.3.2.6 The 'Andalusianisation' of Castilian 6.2.3.3 The Spanish of the Canary Islands 6.2.3.4 The Castilian of non-Castilian regions 6.2.3.5 Stereotypes 6.2.4 Latin America 6.2.4.1 Isogloss patterning 6.2.4.2 The formation of the Latin-American varieties 6.2.4.2.1 The Andalusian base 6.2.4.2.2 Correlation with external factors 6.2.4.2.3 Levelling 6.2.4.2.4 Substrate influence 6.2.4.2.5 Regional norms 6.2.5 Spanish in the United States 6.3 Sociolinguistic variation 6.3.1 Social class 6.3.2 Age 6.3.3 Sex 6.3.4 Other factors 6.3.5 Covariation For discussion and further study 7 Register 7.1 Register variation in the spoken language 7.1.1 Politeness 7.1.1.1 Second person pronouns 7.1.1.2 Imperatives 7.1.2 Conventionalised and real spoken language 7.1.2.1 Spoken language transcribed from a recording 7.1.2.2 Spoken language based on a written text 7.1.3 Jargon and slang, special language and cryptolects 7.2 Register variation in the written language 7.2.1 Journalism 7.2.1.1 Headlines 7.2.1.2 News reports 7.2.1.3 Sports reports 7.2.2 Legal and administrative language= 7.2.3 The language of advertising 7.2.3.1 Personal advertisements For discussion and further study 8 Style 8.1 'Good' style 8.2 Rhetorical style and figures of speech 8.3 Literary style - some examples 8.4 Statistics and the use of concordances For discussion and further study 9 Spanish or not? 9.1 Judeo-Spanish 9.1.1 The relation of Judeo-Spanish to Castilian 9.1.2 Judeo-Spanish communities 9.1.3 Judeo-Spanish today 9.1.4 The linguistic characteristics of Judeo-Spanish 9.1.4.1 Phonology 9.1.4.2 Morphology 9.1.4.3 Vocabulary 9.1.4.4 An example of Judeo-Spanish 9.2 Vestigial Spanish varieties 9.2.1 Isleño 9.3 Afro-Hispanic varieties 9.4 Spanish creoles 9.4.1 The historical background to the formation and present-day use of the Spanish creoles 9.4.2 Linguistic characteristics of the Spanish creoles 9.4.2.1 Phonology 9.4.2.2 Morphology 9.4.2.2.1 Nouns 9.4.2.2.2 Verbs 9.4.2.2.3 Suffixation 9.4.2.2.4 Personal pronouns 9.4.2.2.5 Demonstratives 9.4.2.2.6 The articles 9.4.2.3 Syntax 9.4.2.3.1 Word order and basic constituent functions 9.4.2.3.2 Questions 9.4.2.3.3 Negation 9.4.2.3.4 Reflexive 9.4.2.3.5 Complex sentences 9.4.2.4 Other features 9.4.2.4.1 Copulas 9.4.3 A written creole text 9.5 Code-switching and hybridisation 9.5.1 Spanish - English code-switching in the US 9.5.2 Spanish - Portuguese code-switching 9.5.3 Hybridisation 9.5.3.1 Media Lengua 9.5.3.2 Fronteiriço For discussion and further study 10 Towards the future 10.1 Linguistic forecasting 10.2 Internal forecasting 10.2.1 Forecasting on the basis of structure 10.2.2 Forecasting on the basis of variation 10.3 External forecasting 10.3.1 Spanish as a native language 10.3.2 Spanish as an international language 10.3.3 Will the unity of Spanish be preserved? 10.4 What will the impact of English on Spanish be? 10.4.1 External factors 10.4.2 Internal factors 10.4.3 Assessment of the status quo 10.4.3.1 Vocabulary 10.4.3.2 Phonetics 10.4.3.3 Morphology and syntax For discussion and further study Notes on the material for discussion and further study References Index