Recent Advancements in Polymeric Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage

Description

This book covers the current, state-of-the-art knowledge, fundamental mechanisms, design strategies, and future challenges in electrochemical energy storage devices using polymeric materials. It looks into the fundamentals and working principles of electrochemical energy devices such as supercapacitors and batteries and explores new approaches for the synthesis of polymeric materials and their composites to broaden the vision for researchers to explore advanced materials for electrochemical energy applications. All the chapters are written by leading experts in these areas making it suitable as a reference for students as well as provide new directions to researchers and scientists working in polymers, energy, and nanotechnology. Cover Green Energy and Technology Series Recent Advancements in Polymeric Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage Copyright Preface Contents Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage: Introduction 1. Introduction 2. Fundamental Electrochemical Storage Technologies 2.1 Batteries 2.2 Supercapacitors 3. Material of Choice for Electrodes and Electrolytes 4. Conclusions and Future Perspectives References Design/Types of Electrochemical Energy Devices 1. Introduction 1.1 Applications of Electrochemical Energy Devices 2. Design of Electrochemical Energy Devices 2.1 Material Used in Construction 2.2 Electrolyte Materials 3. Types of Electrochemical Energy Devices 3.1 Batteries 3.2 Fuel Cells 3.3 Hybrid System 4. Challenges and Opportunities for Improving Electrochemical Energy Devices 4.1 Increasing Energy Density and Power Density 4.2 Improving Lifetime and Durability 4.3 Reducing Environmental Impact 5. Integrating Electrochemical Energy Devices into Energy Systems 5.1 Stationary Energy Storage 5.2 Portable Electronic Devices 5.3 Electric Vehicles 6. Future Research Directions in Electrochemical Energy Device Design and Technology 7. Conclusion References Polymer-Based Electrolytes 1. Introduction 2. Polymer Matrices for Polymer Electrolytes 2.1 Polyacrylonitrile 2.2 Poly(Ethylene Oxide) 2.3 Polyacrylates 2.4 Aliphatic Polycarbonates 3. Polymer Electrolyte with an Architectural Designed Polymer Matrix 3.1 Copolymer-Based Solid Polymer Electrolyte 3.2 Interpenetrating Structured Polymer Electrolytes 3.3 Polymer Electrolyte with Cross-Linking 3.4 Simple Blending Based Polymer Electrolyte 4. Composite Polymer Electrolyte 4.1 Polymer-Passive (Inert) Filler Electrolytes 4.2 Active Fillers-Based Polymer Electrolytes 5. Summary and Perspective References Conducting Polymers for Electrochemical Energy Storage Applications 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis and Characterization of Conducting Polymers 2.1 Electrochemical Method 2.2 Chemical Method-Oxidative Polymerization 2.3 Photochemical Method 2.4 Concentrated Emulsion Method 2.5 Pyrolysis Method 3. Conducting Polymers for Energy Generation 3.1 Photovoltaic Cells 3.2 Fuel Cells 4. Conducting Polymers for Energy Storage 4.1 Batteries 4.2 Supercapacitors 5. Conducting Polymers Based Flexible Devices 6. Conclusion References Conductive Polymer and Composites for Supercapacitor Applications 1. Introduction 1.1 Overview of Conductive Polymer and Composites 1.2 Supercapacitor Applications 2. Synthetic Strategies of Conducting Polymer Composites 2.1 Chemical Synthesis of CPC 2.2 Electrochemical Polymerization 2.3 Photo-Induced Polymerization 2.4 Chemical Oxidative Polymerization 2.5 Significant Difference Between Chemical and Electrochemical Methods 2.6 In Situ Copolymerization Technique 2.7 Direct Deposition Polymerization Method 3. Composites Depending on Conducting Polymers for Supercapacitor Applications 3.1 Asymmetric Supercapacitors 3.2 Flexible Supercapacitors 3.3 Significant Challenges in Supercapacitors 3.4 Binary Composites Depending on Conducting Polymers for Supercapacitor Applications 3.5 Binary Conducting Polymer-Metal (Sulphides, Metal Oxides, Metal Hydroxides, Etc.) Composites 4. Ternary Composites of Conducting Polymers for Supercapacitor Applications 4.1 Metal Oxide-Based Ternary Nanocomposites 4.2 Ferrite-Based Ternary Nanocomposites 4.3 Graphene/Carbon Nanotubes/Polyaniline Ternary Nanocomposites 4.4 Polyaniline/Polypyrrole/Carbon Nanotubes Ternary Nanocomposites 5. Conclusions, Future Prospects and Challenges References Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. Methods for Synthesis of Polymeric Nanocomposites 2.1 Melt Intercalation 2.2 Exfoliation Adsorption 2.3 In-Situ Polymerization 3. Introduction to Supercapacitor 3.1 Electrochemical Double-Layer Capacitors 3.2 Pseudocapacitors 3.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors 4. Polymeric Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor 4.1 Polymer-Carbon Nanocomposites 4.2 Polymer-Metal Oxide Nanocomposites 4.3 Polymer-Chalcogens Nanocomposites 5. Polymeric Nanocomposites for Flexible Supercapacitor 6. Conclusion References Polymer-Carbon Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 1.1 Conducting Polymers 2. Methods of Synthesis of Conducting Polymer/Carbon Material Composites 2.1 Chemical Polymerization Method 2.2 Electrochemical Polymerization Method 2.3 Other Synthesis Methods 3. Graphene-Based Nanocomposites 3.1 Polymer/graphene Composites 3.2 Polyaniline/Graphene Freestanding 3.3 Polypyrrole/Graphene 3.4 Thiophene-Based Polymers/Graphene 4. Conclusion and Future Outlook References Polymer-Metal Oxides Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. Electronically Conducting Polymers (CPs) for Supercapacitors 3. Metal Oxides for Pseudocapacitors 4. Synthesis Techniques Involved 4.1 Synthesis Techniques for Conducting Polymers 4.2 Synthesis Techniques of Metal Oxides 5. Composites of Polyaniline and Metal Oxide as Electrodes for Supercapacitors 5.1 Binary Compositions 5.2 Ternary Compositions 6. Composites of Polypyrrole and Metal Oxide as Electrodes for Supercapacitors 6.1 Binary Compositions 6.2 Ternary Compositions 7. Composites of PEDOT and Metal Oxide as Electrodes for Supercapacitors 7.1 Binary Compositions 7.2 Ternary Compositions 8. Other Conducting Polymers (CPs) for Supercapacitors 9. Conclusion References Polymer-Metal Sulfides Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. Electrode Material for Supercapacitors 3. Synthesis Strategies of Polymer-Metal Sulfide Nanocomposites 3.1 In Situ Polymerization Technique 3.2 Sol–gel Method 3.3 Intercalation Method 3.4 Solution Cast Method 4. Polymer-Metal Sulfide Nanocomposites for Supercapacitors 4.1 Polymer-Molybdenum Disulfide Nanocomposites 4.2 Polymer-Copper Sulfide Nanocomposites 4.3 Polymer-Nickel Sulfide Nanocomposites 4.4 Cobalt Sulfide-Polymer Nanocomposite 4.5 Other Metal Ulphides Polymer Composites 5. Recent Trends and Challenges in Supercapacitors 6. Conclusions References Polymeric Materials for Nanosupercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. Synthesis of Polymeric Materials-Based Nanosupercapacitors 2.1 Solution Combustion Method 2.2 Hydrothermal Method 2.3 Solvothermal Method 2.4 Co-Precipitation Method 2.5 Ultrasonication Method 2.6 Microwave Method 2.7 Hard and Soft Template Method 3. Modification of Polymer-Based Electrodes for Nanosupercapacitors 4. Charge Storage Mechanisms of Polymer-Based Electrodes for Nanosupercapacitors 4.1 Electric Double Layer Supercapacitors 4.2 Faradaic Supercapacitors 4.3 Hybrid Supercapacitors 4.4 Asymmetric Supercapacitors 5. Comparative Performance of Polymer-Based Electrodes for Nanosupercapacitors 6. Future Outlook of Nanostructure-Based Supercapacitors References Polymer-MOFs Nanocomposite for Supercapacitor 1. Introduction 2. Metal–Organic Framework 3. Conducting Polymer 3.1 Polyaniline (PANI) 3.2 Polypyrrole (PPy) 3.3 Polythiophene (PTh) and Its Derivatives 4. MOF-Polymer Composite 4.1 MOF-PANI Based SCs 4.2 MOF-PPy Based SCs 4.3 MOF-PTh Based SCs 5. Future Prospective 6. Summary and Conclusion References The Active Role of Conjugate Polymer Composites in Electrochemical Storage: A Themed Perspective on Polymer-MOF Nanocomposites for Metal-Ion Batteries 1. Introduction 2. Brief Outline of Synthetic Approaches of Polymer-MOF Hybrids 2.1 In-Situ Polymerization in MOF 2.2 Mixed Matrix Membranes 2.3 Polymer-Templated MOFs 2.4 MOF Synthesis Using Polymeric Ligand 2.5 Polymer-Grafted MOFs 3. Why Polymer-MOFs Are Attractive for MIBs 4. Recent Advancements in Polymer-MOF Composites for MIBs 4.1 Separators 4.2 Electrolytes 4.3 Cathode and Anodes 5. Conclusion and Perspective References Redox-Active Polymeric Materials Applied for Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. EDLC and PC and Their Principal Mechanism of Action 3. Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites 4. Cellulose-Based Supercapacitor Composites 5. Flexible Hydrogel Supercapacitors 6. Future Perspective References Polymeric Nanocomposites for Flexible Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. Flexible Supercapacitor Materials 3. Flexible Conducting Polymer Supercapacitors 3.1 PANI (Polyaniline) 3.2 PPy (Polypyrrole) 3.3 PTh (Polythiophene) and Its Derivatives 4. Flexible Supercapacitors Based on Composite Materials 4.1 Composites Based on Carbon Materials with CPs 4.2 Composites Based on Metal Oxides 5. Challenges 6. Future Prospective and Present Scenario 7. Conclusion References Polymeric Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. Types of Polymers and Their Composites for Flexible Supercapacitors 2.1 Different Conducting Polymers 2.2 Polymer/carbon Composites 2.3 Polymer/Metal Oxide/Sulfide) Composites 2.4 Co-Polymer 3. Methods for the Synthesis of Polymers for Flexible Supercapacitors 3.1 In Situ Polymerization Synthesis Method for Supercapacitors 3.2 Electrochemical Polymerization 3.3 Interfacial Polymerization 3.4 Electrospinning 4. Polymer-Based Substrates for Flexible Supercapacitors 5. Polymer Based Electrolytes for Flexible Supercapacitors 6. Future Perspective of Polymeric Materials for Flexible Supercapacitors 7. Conclusions References Polymer-Metal Phosphide Nanocomposites for Flexible Supercapacitors 1. Introduction 2. Metal Phosphides (MPs) 2.1 Mono-Metal Phosphides 2.2 Bimetal Phosphide 2.3 Ternary Metal Phosphide 3. Polymer-Metal Phosphide Composites 4. Conclusion References Polymer-Metal Oxides Nanocomposites for Metal-Ion Batteries 1. Introduction 2. Metal Oxide-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites 3. Application of Metal Oxide-Based Polymeric Nanocomposites in Metal-Ion Batteries 3.1 Cathode Materials 3.2 Anode Materials 3.3 Electrolyte 3.4 Separator 4. Conclusion References Polymer-Chalcogen Composites for Metal-Ion Batteries 1. Introduction 2. A Short Introduction to Li Batteries Based on Chalcogen Cathodes 3. LCBs Electrochemical Principles 4. Bio-derived Materials for Alkali Metal–Chalcogen Batteries 5. High-Performance Alkali Metal–Chalcogen Batteries Achieved by Bio-derived Materials 6. Conclusions and Outlook References Polymeric Materials for Metal-Sulfur Batteries 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Metal-Sulfur Batteries 2.1 Working Mechanism of Li–S Batteries 2.2 Challenges 3. Advantages of Polymeric Materials in Metal-Sulfur Batteries 4. Applications of Polymeric Materials in Metal-Sulfur Batteries 4.1 Cathodes 4.2 Separators and Interlayers 4.3 Electrolytes 4.4 Anode Protection 5. Conclusions and Perspectives References Polymer-Based, Flexible, Solid Electrolyte Membranes for All-Solid-State Metal-Ion Batteries 1. Introduction 1.1 Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPE) 1.2 Strategies to Improve Ionic Conductivity of PEO Based SPEs 1.3 Preparation Methods of SPE 2. Theory of Solid Polymer Electrolytes (SPEs) 2.1 Dielectric Loss and Dissipation Factor 2.2 Conduction Mechanisms 2.3 Ion Transport in SPE Membranes 3. Characterization Techniques 3.1 Ionic Conductivity—Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy 3.2 DC Polarization—Total Ionic Transport Number and Cationic Transference Number 3.3 Linear Sweep Voltammetry 3.4 Conclusions References Polymer Materials for Metal-Air Battery 1. Introduction 2. Polymeric Materials for Metal-Air Batteries 2.1 Polymeric Materials as Electrode Materials 2.2 Polymeric Materials as Electrolyte Materials 3. Conclusions References Polymeric Materials for Metal-Air Batteries 1. Introduction 2. History 3. A Range of Battery Types 3.1 Zinc-Air Battery 3.2 Aluminium-Air Battery 3.3 Sodium-Air Battery 3.4 Lithium-Air Battery 3.5 Vanadium-Air Battery 3.6 Magnesium-Air Battery 3.7 Potassium-Air Battery 3.8 Calcium-Air Battery 3.9 Si, Sn, Fe, and Ge-Air Batteries 4. Various Electrolytes in Metal-Air Batteries 4.1 Metal-Air Batteries Based on Non-aqueous Electrolytes 4.2 Metal Air Batteries Created on Aqueous Electrolyte 5. Fundamental Concepts of Polymer Electrolytes 6. Gel Polymer Electrolytes 7. Solid Polymer Electrolytes 8. Composite Polymer Electrolytes 9. Conclusion and Prospective Future References Polymeric Materials for Flexible Batteries 1. Introduction 2. Function of Polymer Materials in Flexible Batteries 2.1 Polymer Material as a Binder for Electrode 2.2 Polymer-Based Flexible Electrodes for Battery 2.3 Polymer Electrolytes for Flexible Battery Application 2.4 Polymer Material as Separator 3. Conclusion and Future Perspective References Polymeric Materials for Nanobatteries 1. Introduction 2. Nanobatteries: Principle and Components 2.1 Nanostructured Cathode Material 2.2 Nanostructured Anode Materials 2.3 Electrolytes for Nano Batteries 3. Application of Nanobatteries in Various Field 3.1 Electronics 3.2 Biomedical 3.3 Aerospace 4. Summary References Materials and Applications of 3D Print for Solid-State Batteries 1. Introduction 2. Literature Survey 3. Methodology of Additive Manufacturing of SSB’s 4. Materials Available for the Digital Printing of Solid-State Electrolytes 4.1 3D Printing of Solid Polymer-Based Electrolytes 4.2 3D Printed Gel Polymer-Based Electrolytes 4.3 3D Printed Gel Ceramic-Based Electrolytes 5. Future Materials for 3D Printing and the Associated Challenges 5.1 Polymer Based Materials 5.2 Ceramic Polymer Composites 5.3 Hybrid Polymer-Ceramic Composites 6. Conclusions References Preparation of Silicon Polymer-Derived Ceramics Upon Chemical Treatment to Obtain Materials with Highly Improved Capacitive Current 1. Introduction 1.1 Polymer Derived Ceramics (PDCs) 1.2 Polysiloxanes 1.3 Polysiloxanes to SiOC Ceramics Conversion 1.4 Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) Etching 1.5 Electrochemical Capacitors 2. Experimental 2.1 Synthesis of Polymeric Precursor 2.2 Preparation of SiOC Ceramic Materials 2.3 Hydrofluoric Acid (HF) Etching 2.4 Code of SiOC Ceramic Materials 2.5 Characterization Techniques 2.6 Electrochemical Assays 3. Results and Discussion 3.1 Structure Characterization and Thermal Stability of the Polymeric Precursor 3.2 Electrochemical Characterizations 4. Conclusion References Advanced Polymers and Composites for Actuators in Robotics and Bioelectronics: Materials and Technologies 1. Introduction 2. Overview of Actuation Mechanisms 2.1 Electromagnetic Actuation 2.2 Electromechanical Actuation 2.3 Fluidic Actuation 2.4 Electrostatic/Electrically-Driven Actuation 2.5 Electrohydraulic (EH) and Electrohydrodynamic (EHD) Actuation 2.6 Electrothermal Actuation 2.7 Passive Indirect Actuation 2.8 Magnetomechanical Actuation 2.9 Chemical, Thermal, Optical, Acoustic Actuation 3. Soft Actuators for Robotics and Bioelectronics: Materials and Technologies 3.1 EMAs 3.2 Piezoelectric Actuators 3.3 DEAs 3.4 Triboelectric Actuators 3.5 Shape-Memory-Polymers Actuators 3.6 Ionically-Conductive-Polymers Actuators 3.7 Liquid–Crystal-Polymers Actuators 4. Conclusion: Summary and Challenges References Methods and Technologies for Recycling Energy Storage Materials and Device 1. Introduction 2. Need for Recycling 3. Recycling of SCs 3.1 Extraction of Electrodes 3.2 Extraction of Electrolyte 4. Recycling of LIBs and Their Different Components Material 5. Pretreatment Process 5.1 Thermal Pre-treatment 5.2 NaOH Dissolution Method 5.3 Solvent Dissolution and Ultrasonic-Assisted Separation 6. Metal Recycling/Extraction Process 6.1 Direct Physical Recycling/Regeneration Process 6.2 Pyrometallurgy 6.3 Hydrometallurgy 6.4 Biometallurgy 6.5 Electrochemical Extraction 7. Anode Material Recovery 8. Conclusions References