God, chance and purpose : can God have it both ways?

Description

Climate resilience Abstract Executive summary Climate change: An increasing threat Multiple benefits of climate resilience Effective policy measures Introduction Climate change poses an increasing threat to electricity security Policy measures play a central role in addressing climate impacts and enhancing the resilience of electricity systems This report supports policy makers and other key actors by providing step-by-step advice How the climate is changing Average temperatures continue to increase Precipitation patterns will show substantial variation by region The global mean sea level continues to rise, driven by ocean warming and melting of glaciers and ice sheets Most countries are likely to experience more frequent or intense extreme weather events Climate change is already affecting every segment of the electricity system in various ways Long-term impacts on electricity systems Higher temperatures lead to decreasing efficiency, derating of equipment and increased demand, with a significant impact on the electricity system Changing precipitation affects water availability, which increases stress on various electricity supply sources Coastal floods increasingly jeopardise coastal infrastructure Impacts of extreme weather events Extreme temperature events can severely strain the electricity system over large areas Wildfire poses a growing threat to multiple types of infrastructure Cyclones with high-speed winds, flying debris and storm surges can affect many parts of coastal electricity infrastructure simultaneously Floods put critical infrastructure at risk, with recurring patterns and consequences for erosion and landslides Benefits of building climate resilience Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, absorb, accommodate and recover from adverse climate impacts Climate resilience is a cost-effective solution Adopting climate resilience measures contributes to achieving universal electricity access Climate-resilient electricity systems support the clean energy transition Measures for climate resilience Effective policy measures and co-ordinated action among key actors prevent potential market failure in building up climate resilience 1. Assess climate change risks and impacts 2. Mainstream climate resilience as a core element ofenergy and climate plans and regulations 3. Identify cost-effective resilience measures 4. Create appropriate incentives for utilities 5. Implement resilience measures Support physical system hardening Enhance visibility and controllability in system operation Co-ordinate recovery efforts Support capacity building for implementation of resilience measures 6. Evaluate effectiveness and adjust resilience measures References