The handbook of groundwater engineering

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Half Title Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Introduction Contributors SECTION I: Fundamentals of Groundwater Hydrology 1: History of Groundwater Hydrology 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Water Management and Water Science before the Nineteenth Century 1.3 Developments in Subsurface Hydrology 1.4 Main Trends since the Early 1980s Acknowledgments References Further Information 2: Geological Occurrence of Groundwater 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Importance of Groundwater 2.3 Earth Materials 2.4 Important Hydraulic Properties of Earth Materials and Groundwater, with Examples 2.5 Water in the Unsaturated Zone 2.6 Water in the Saturated Zone 2.7 Protection of Groundwater Supplies 2.8 Groundwater and Modern Environmental Concerns Glossary References Further Information 3: Elementary Groundwater Flow and Transport Processes 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Pressure, Suction, Piezometric Head, and Hydraulic Gradient 3.3 The Motion of Groundwater 3.4 Flow Through Porous Media: Darcy’s Law 3.5 One-Dimensional Hydraulics 3.6 One-Dimensional Flow through Porous Media—Leaky Aquifers 3.7 Dupuit–Forchheimer Assumptions 3.8 Velocity Potential, Force Potential, and Flow Nets 3.9 Laplace’s Equation 3.10 Land Subsidence 3.11 Salt Water Interfaces 3.12 Groundwater Quality 3.13 Transport Mechanisms of Dissolved Contaminants 3.14 Monitoring, Site Remediation, and Landfills 3.15 Parameter Values Appendix Glossary References Further Information 4: Two- and Three-Dimensional Flow of Groundwater 4.1 Fundamentals 4.2 Groundwater Flow Equations 4.3 Hydraulic Approach to Groundwater Flow 4.4 Examples of Solutions Glossary References Further Information 5: Groundwater Contaminants 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Physicochemical Characteristics of Water 5.3 Factors Affecting Aqueous Solubility 5.4 Inorganic Constituents 5.5 Organic Constituents 5.6 Radionuclides 5.7 Particulates Glossary References Further Information 6: Soil Properties and Moisture Movement in the Unsaturated Zone 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical and Hydraulic Soil Properties 6.3 Conceptual Aspects of Unsaturated Soil Water Flow 6.4 Analytical Solutions of the Unsaturated Flow Equation 6.5 Scaling Principles 6.6 Conclusions and Perspectives on Future Research Glossary and Parameter Notation Acknowledgments References Further Reading 7: Infiltration 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Soil Properties and Processes of Infiltration 7.3 Infiltration Equations 7.4 Infiltration Measurement Methods 7.5 Spatial Variability Considerations 7.6 Infiltration into Sealed or Crusted Soils 7.7 Summary and Conclusions References Further Information 8: Contaminant Transport in the Unsaturated Zone: Theory and Modeling 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Variably Saturated Water Flow 8.3 Solute Transport 8.4 Analytical Models 8.5 Numerical Models 8.6 Concluding Remarks References 9: Groundwater–Surface Water Interactions 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Hydraulics of GW-SW Interactions 9.3 Hyporheic Zone 9.4 Chemical Interactions between GW and SW 9.5 Heat Transport across the Interface 9.6 Field Methods for Quantifying GWSWIs 9.7 Modeling Abbreviations and Glossary Acknowledgments References Further Reading 10: Sea Water Intrusion into Coastal Aquifers 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Mathematical Modeling of Sea Water Intrusion 10.3 Numerical Modeling and Computer Code 10.4 Examples of Sea Water Intrusion 10.5 Introduction to the Management of a Coastal Aquifer Glossary Acknowledgments References Further Information SECTION II: Models of Subsurface Flow and Transport 11: Groundwater Modeling 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Modeling Process 11.3 Model Formulations 11.4 Methods 11.5 Applications Glossary Acknowledgments References Further Information 12: Multiscale Models of Flow and Transport 12.1 Introduction: A Question of Scale 12.2 From First Principles to Effective-Medium Equations 12.3 Robustness of Macroscopic Models 12.4 Multiscale and Hybrid Methods 12.5 Conclusions and Outlook Acknowledgments References 13: Mixing in Groundwater 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Dispersion 13.3 Mixing Measures 13.4 Mixing Mechanisms 13.5 Chaotic Mixing 13.6 Mixing and Chemical Reactions 13.7 Summary 13.8 Further Reading Glossary References 14: Multiscale Contaminant Transport in Swelling Clays Incorporating Ion–Ion Correlation Effects 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Description of the Three Natural Scales in Swelling Clays 14.3 Microscopic Description 14.4 Homogenization 14.5 Nanoscale Description Revisited: Statistical Mechanics 14.6 Numerical Resolution of the Local Problem 14.7 Discretization of the Fredholm Equation for Stratified Microstructure 14.8 Computational Simulations 14.9 Conclusion 14A Appendix References 15: Analyzing Randomly Fluctuating Hierarchical Variables and Extremes 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Hierarchical Scale Mixtures of Gaussian Random Functions 15.3 Generation of Sub-Gaussian Functions Subordinated to Truncated Fractional Brownian Motion 15.4 Analysis of Generated Increments 15.5 Summary Acknowledgments Glossary References 16: Scaling Abstract 16.1 What Is Scaling? 16.2 What Is Percolation? 16.3 Why Use Percolation Theory to Predict Scaling of Flow and Transport in Porous Media? 16.4 Basic Time and Length Scales and Velocities 16.5 Porous Media and Their Constitutive Relationships 16.6 Length-Dependent Scaling: Hydraulic Conductivity, Diffusion and Solute Transport 16.7 Conclusions References 17: Anomalous Dispersion 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Normal Dispersion 17.3 The Most General Linear Eulerian Anomalous Case 17.4 Anomalous a-Stable Lévy Motion and Lagrangian Framework 17.5 Anomalous Fractional Brownian Motion 17.6 Anomalous Brownian Motion Run with a Nonlinear Clock 17.7 Anomalous Continuous Time Random Walk 17.8 Model Identification 17.9 Renormalization Group Classification of Transport Processes 17.10 Discussion References 18: Modeling the Movement of Water and Solute through Preferential Flow Paths and Fractures 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Dual-Porosity Models for a Sharp Change at the Fracture–Matrix Interface 18.3 A Dual-Porosity Model for Gradual Change in Matrix Structure and Concentration at the Fracture–Matrix Interface 18.4 Dual-Porosity Models with a Distribution Layer at the Soil Surface 18.5 Multi-Pore Group Models Symbols Subscripts References Further Information 19: Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport in Fractured Media 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Structural Geology of Fractured Rock 19.3 Fundamentals of Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport in a Single Fracture 19.4 Field Techniques 19.5 Conceptual Models 19.6 Modeling Flow and Transport in Fractures and Fracture Networks Glossary References Further Information 20: Groundwater Flow in Karstic Aquifers 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Karst Aquifers: The Conceptual Framework 20.3 Permeability and Flow Dynamics in Karst Aquifers 20.4 Chemistry of Carbonate Rock Dissolution 20.5 Evolution of Karst Aquifers 20.6 Quantitative Hydrology of Karst Aquifers 20.7 Modeling of Karst Aquifers 20.8 Water Resource Issues in Karst Hydrology 20.9 Land Instability and Sinkhole Development References Further Information 21: Model Validation: Testing Models Using Data and Sensitivity Analysis 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Use Data to Test Models 21.3 Use Forward Model Runs to Test Models 21.4 Use Relations Revealed by Sensitivity Analysis to Test Models 21.5 Summary and Conclusions Glossary References 22: Uncertainty Quantification in Subsurface Modeling 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Basic Concepts of Probability and Stochastic Processes 22.3 Monte Carlo Simulations 22.4 Moment Differential Equations 22.5 Direct Numerical Simulations 22.6 Method of Distributions 22.7 Concluding Remarks References 23: Probabilistic Risk Assessment of Damage to Groundwater Systems 23.1 Introduction 23.2 Structuring a PRA for a Damaged Groundwater System 23.3 Quantifying Sources of Uncertainty 23.4 Summary References 24: Geological Sequestration of Carbon Dioxide 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Governing Equations 24.3 Modeling Options in a Complexity Hierarchy 24.4 Numerical Solutions and Example Calculations 24.5 Discussion and Conclusions Acknowledgment References 25: Impact of Climate Change on Groundwater 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Background 25.3 A Case Study: Recharge Analysis of the Grand River Watershed 25.4 Chapter Summary References 26: Ecohydrology: Modeling Water, Carbon, and Nutrient Cycling within the Soil–Plant Atmosphere Continuum 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Soil Water Balance in the Vadose Zone 26.3 Soil Moisture Deficit and Plant Water Stress 26.4 Soil Nutrient Dynamics 26.5 Summary and Conclusions Glossary References Further Information SECTION III: Data Acquisition and Analysis with Application to Remediation 27: Field Methods for the Evaluation of Groundwater and Surface-Water Interactions 27.1 Introduction 27.2 Field Methods for G/SW Acknowledgments References 28: Well Design and Construction 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Well-Field Equations 28.3 Aquifer and Well Losses 28.4 Step–Drawdown Tests 28.5 Well Design 28.6 Well Construction and Maintenance Glossary References Further Information 29: Well Hydraulics and Aquifer Tests 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Well-Flow Equations 29.3 Performance of an Aquifer Test 29.4 Time–Drawdown Analyses 29.5 Distance–Drawdown Analyses 29.6 Interpretation of Heterogeneous Aquifers 29.7 Concluding Remarks Glossary 29A Appendix References Further Information 30: Groundwater Monitoring 30.1 Fundamentals 30.2 Groundwater Monitoring Plans 30.3 Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Devices 30.4 Groundwater Sampling 30.5 Analysis of Groundwater Samples 30.6 Evaluation of Groundwater Monitoring Data Glossary References Further Information 31: Hydrogeological Characterization Using Geophysical Methods 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Common Geophysical Methods for Hydrogeological Characterization 31.3 Hydrogeophysical Concepts 31.4 Stochastic Forward and Inverse Modeling Using Hydrogeophysical Datasets 31.5 Summary Glossary Acknowledgments References Further Information 32: Hydraulic Tomography 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Governing Equations 32.3 Stochastic Representation of Heterogeneity 32.4 Cross-Correlation between Head Measurements and Parameter Fields 32.5 Successive Linear Estimator 32.6 Adjoint-State Method 32.7 Strategy for Implementation of HT Tests 32.8 Examples of HT Tests 32.9 Tomographic Tests in Geophysics 32.10 Summary Glossary References Further Information 33: Geophysical and Tracer Characterization Methods 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Simulation/Optimization Methods for Aquifer Property Estimation 33.3 Application of Geophysical Methods to Environmental Problems 33.4 Ground-Penetrating Radar 33.5 Cross-Well Tomography 33.6 Combining Geophysical and Tracer Data 33.7 Dynamic Imaging of Tracer and Contaminant Plumes Glossary References Further Information 34: Geostatistics: Interpolation and Inverse Problems 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Preliminaries 34.3 Ordinary Kriging 34.4 Variogram 34.5 Kriging Variants 34.6 Cokriging 34.7 Generalized Linear Estimation Equations 34.8 Inverse Problems Glossary References Further Information 35: The Role of Geographical Information Systems in Groundwater Engineering 35.1 Introduction to GIS 35.2 GIS Components 35.3 Data Representation 35.4 Analysis Capabilities of GIS 35.5 Desktop GIS-Based Software for Groundwater Modeling 35.6 Web GIS-Based Applications 35.7 Application of GIS to Groundwater Engineering 35.8 Summary Glossary References Further Information 36: Biodegradation 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Quantitative Description of Reactive Transport and Biodegradation 36.3 Field Applications of Bioremediation Glossary References Further Information 37: Landfills 37.1 Introduction 37.2 Regulatory Considerations and Landfill Siting 37.3 Site Master Plan 37.4 Landfill Configuration 37.5 Conceptual Design 37.6 Detailed Design 37.7 Liner and Cover System Materials 37.8 Environmental Monitoring 37.9 Performance of Landfill Elements 37.10 Summary and Conclusions Glossary References Further Information 38: Remediation of Contaminated Groundwater 38.1 Fundamentals 38.2 Groundwater Remediation System Design Framework 38.3 Hydraulic Containment of Groundwater 38.4 Design of Groundwater Extraction Systems 38.5 Treatment of Contaminated Groundwater 38.6 Performance Monitoring of Groundwater Remediation Systems Glossary References For Further Information