Statistics for the Social Sciences

Description

Cover Half-title Title page Copyright information Dedication Table of contents Preface What Makes this Textbook Different For Students For Instructors Last Words Acknowledgements List of Examples 1 Statistics and Models Learning Goals Why Statistics Matters Two Branches of Statistics Models Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 2 Levels of Data Learning Goals Defining What to Measure Levels of Data So What? Other Ways to Classify Data Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 3 Visual Models Learning Goals Sample Data Frequency Tables Histograms Describing Shapes of Histograms Number of Peaks Describing Distribution Shapes: A Caveat Frequency Polygons Box Plot Bar Graphs Stem-and-Leaf Plots Line Graphs Pie Charts Scatterplots Selecting the Proper Visual Model Other Visual Models Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 4 Models of Central Tendency and Variability Learning Goals Models of Central Tendency Models of Variability Using Models of Central Tendency and Variance Together Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 5 Linear Transformations and z-Scores Learning Goals Linear Transformations z-Scores: A Special Linear Transformation Linear Transformations and Scales Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 6 Probability and the Central Limit Theorem Learning Goals Basic Probability The Logic of Inferential Statistics and the CLT Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 7 Null Hypothesis Statistical Significance Testing and z-Tests Learning Goals Null Hypothesis Statistical Significance Testing z-Test Cautions for Using NHSTs General Linear Model Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 8 One-Sample t-Tests Learning Goals Shortcomings of the z-Test – and a Solution Steps of a One-Sample t-Test The p-Value in a One-Sample t-Test Caveats for One-Sample t-Tests Confidence Intervals (CIs) Another Use of the One-Sample t-Tests Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 9 Paired-Samples t-Tests Learning Goals When to Use the Paired Two-Sample t-Test Steps of a Paired-Samples t-Test Finding p Old Concerns Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 10 Unpaired Two-Sample t-Tests Learning Goals Making Group Comparisons Steps of an Unpaired-Samples t-Test p and Type I and Type II errors Assumptions of the Unpaired Two-Sample t-Test Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 11 Analysis of Variance Learning Goals Comparing Means from Three or More Groups Problems with Multiple t-Tests Solutions to Problems of Multiple Comparisons ANOVA p and Type I and Type II Errors Additional Thoughts on ANOVA Post Hoc Tests Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 12 Correlation Learning Goals Purpose of the Correlation Coefficient Definition of a Correlation Calculating Pearson’s r Interpreting Pearson’s r Visualizing Correlations Pearson’s r in the Null Hypothesis Testing Context Warning: Correlation Is Not Causation Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 13 Regression Learning Goals Using Pearson’s r to Make Predictions The Regression Line Regression Towards the Mean Assumptions of Regression and Correlation Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 14 Chi-Squared Test Learning Goals Nominal Outcomes One-Variable Chi-Squared Test Two-Variable Chi-Squared Test Information About Odds Ratios Summary Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading 15 Applying Statistics to Research, and Advanced Statistical Methods Learning Goals How to Choose a Statistical Method Multiple Regression and Related Procedures Nonparametric Statistics Multivariate Methods Reflection Questions: Comprehension Reflection Questions: Application Further Reading Appendix A1 z-Table Appendix A2 t-Table Appendix A3 F-Table Appendix A4 Q-table (Tukey’s Post Hoc Test) Appendix A5 Critical Values for r Appendix A6 .2-Table Glossary Answer Key References Name Index Subject Index