UNDERSTANDING KIDNEY DISEASES

Description

Foreword to the First Edition Reviews of the First Edition An Excellent Nephrology Textbook for Medical Students and Junior Doctors Customer Reviews A Brilliant Guide for Medical Students, and Beyond! Great for Students Book Well Worth Reading Great Book! Foreword to the Second Edition Words with Pictures: The Gift of Graphical Data Presentation Preface Acknowledgements Disclaimer Contents About the Authors 1: Kidney Anatomy and Physiology: The Basis of Clinical Nephrology The Anatomy of the Kidney Turning Blood into Urine Changes in Kidney Function over a Lifetime References 2: Measuring Kidney Function: How to Use Laboratory Tests to Measure Glomerular Filtration Rate How Can Kidney Function Be Measured? How Can GFR Be Estimated from Serum Creatinine? Are eGFR Estimates Accurate and Reliable? Interpreting eGFR Values Not All Changes in Serum Creatinine Are Caused by Changes in GFR Dietary Creatinine Changes in Muscle Mass Tubular Secretion of Creatinine Serum Urea and Creatinine: Different Measures of Kidney Function References 3: Plot All the Dots: How Graphs Reveal the History of Someone’s Kidney Disease Variation in eGFR Interpreting Variation in an eGFR Graph Linking an eGFR Graph to Clinical Events over Time References 4: Kidney Function in Acute Illness and Acute Kidney Injury Kidney Function in Acute Illness: Equilibrating Creatinine Dealing with Missing Data Causes of a Sudden Drop in Kidney Function Fluid Balance in Acutely Ill Patients Acute-on-Chronic Kidney Disease: Time in Two Dimensions Management of Acute Kidney Injury References 5: How Are You Feeling? Symptoms of Kidney Disease Symptoms Linked to the Kidneys and Urinary Tract Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms Urinary Incontinence Bed Wetting: Enuresis Daytime Wetting: Diurnal Enuresis Symptoms That Develop as Kidney Function Declines Uraemia and the Nervous System Gout References 6: Do You Have Any Risk Factors or Long-Term Health Conditions? How Environment, Lifestyle and Other Medical Conditions Are Linked to Kidney Disease Risk Factors for Kidney Disease Diabetes Mellitus Risk Factors for Diabetic Nephropathy Treatment with Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Inhibitors Treatment with Sodium–Glucose Cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) Inhibitors Atherosclerosis Renal Artery Stenosis Cholesterol Crystal Embolisation Liver Disease: Hepatorenal Syndrome Chronic Infection and Inflammation References 7: Are You Pregnant or Planning a Pregnancy? How Pregnancy Affects the Kidneys and Vice Versa Risks to the Baby Risks to the Mother Pre-eclampsia Antenatal Diagnosis of Kidney and Urinary Tract Abnormalities References 8: What Is Your Family History? The Molecular Genetics of Inherited Kidney Diseases The Glomerulus Alport Syndrome Congenital Nephrotic Syndrome Fabry or Anderson–Fabry Disease The Tubules The Proximal Tubule The Loop of Henle The Distal Tubule The Collecting Duct Uromodulin Cystic Kidney Diseases Kidney Tumours The Lower Urinary Tract References 9: What Have You Been Taking? Nephrotoxicity from Medications and Other Chemicals Vasoactive Drugs ACEI and ARBs NSAIDs Calcineurin Inhibitors: Two Sides of a Coin Mixing Vasoactive Drugs to Make MINT Cocktails Anticoagulant-Related Nephropathy Tubulotoxic Drugs Lithium Aminoglycoside Antibiotics: Gentamicin Interstitial Nephritis Metformin: Villain or Victim? Kidney Diseases Due to Toxins Cocaine and Heroin Mushroom Poisoning Chemical Poisoning Chinese Herbal Medicines References 10: Height and Weight: The Effects of Kidney Disease on Development; Links Between Obesity and Kidney Disease Growing Up with Kidney Disease Adolescent Care Obesity and Risk References 11: Blood Pressure: The Interactions Between Hypertension and Kidney Disease Diurnal Variation in Blood Pressure Target Organ Damage Due to High Blood Pressure Principles for Treating High Blood Pressure Diet and Lifestyle When to Use Antihypertensive Drugs Monitoring the Effect of Antihypertensive Drugs Choice of Antihypertensive Drugs Blood Pressure in Kidney Disease The Effect of Kidney Function on Other Cardiovascular Risk Factors References 12: Test the Urine: Understanding Haematuria, Proteinuria and Urinary Infection Haematuria How Red Cells Cross the Glomerular Filtration Barrier The Clinical Significance of Haematuria Myoglobinuria Proteinuria Nephrotic Syndrome Urine Infection Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Adults Diagnosis and Causes of Urinary Tract Infection in Children Treatment of Urinary Tract Infection in Children Prevention of Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection in Children References 13: Examine the Patient: Physical Signs Related to Kidney Diseases Fluid Balance How Salt and Water Is Distributed in the Body Fluid Retention in Chronic Kidney Disease Management of Excess Salt and Water How to Use Diuretics Physical Signs of Kidney Disease Examine the Abdomen References 14: Full Blood Count: Haematological Changes in Kidney Diseases Anaemia Erythropoietin and the Regulation of Haemoglobin Concentration Why Is Haemoglobin Regulated by the Kidneys? Iron Metabolism in Kidney Disease The Pros and Cons of Anaemia in Kidney Disease Kidney Diseases Linked to Causes of Anaemia References 15: Acid, Base and the Kidneys: The Role of the Kidneys in Acid-Base Disorders A Brief Reminder of Acid-Base Chemistry and Homeostasis How the Kidney Tubules Regulate Serum Bicarbonate and Acid Excretion How to Interpret Acid-Base Laboratory Results The Anion Gap Normal Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (NAGMA) Renal Tubular Acidosis Type 1: Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis Type 2: Proximal Renal Tubular Acidosis Type 4: Hyperkalaemic Renal Tubular Acidosis High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) Acidosis in Chronic Kidney Disease Metabolic Alkalosis References 16: Calcium, Phosphate and Bones: How Bone and Mineral Metabolism is Altered in Kidney Disease Minerals and Bones: Interactions Between Magnesium, Phosphate, Calcium, PTH, Vitamin D and FGF-23 Magnesium Phosphate Calcium, Parathyroid Hormone, Vitamin D and FGF-23 Vitamin D Why Is Vitamin D Activated in the Kidneys? Hyperparathyroidism Parathyroidectomy Hypercalcaemia References 17: Immunology: Serological Tests That Help Diagnose Kidney Diseases Do the Right Test on the Right Patient Immunoglobulins, Protein Electrophoresis, Free Light Chains in Serum and Urine Multiple Myeloma Amyloidosis Anti-nuclear Antibody, Anti-dsDNA Antibody Complement C3 and C4 Anti-streptolysin O (ASO) and Anti-DNAse B Antibodies Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibody (ANCA) Anti-glomerular Basement Membrane Antibody (Anti-GBM ab) Anti-phospholipase A2 Receptor Antibody (Anti-PLA2R ab) References 18: Image the Urinary Tract: Strengths and Weaknesses of Different Radiology Modalities Ultrasound Abnormal Appearances on Kidney Ultrasound Scans Urinary Tract Obstruction Isotope Renography Computed Tomography The Risks and Benefits of Using Contrast Media References 19: Should We Do a Kidney Biopsy? Balancing the Diagnostic Benefits Against the Clinical Risks ‘Primum Non Nocere’: First, Do No Harm Is It Diabetic Nephropathy? Kidney Biopsy in Nephrotic Syndrome and Vasculitis References 20: Kidney Stone Disease: A Link Between Nephrology and Urology How Stones Form Investigating Someone with a Kidney Stone Management of Kidney Stone Disease Fluid and Diet Medication Surgery References 21: Make a Plan: When and How to Prepare for End-Stage Kidney Disease Understanding Risk Kidney Failure Risk Mortality Risk Association or Causation? Competing Risks: Dialysis or Death? The Gender Paradox Predicting the Future Prognostication: “Be Prepared” Writing Letters to Patients Choosing Treatment: Transplant, Haemodialysis, Peritoneal Dialysis or No Dialysis? When Should Dialysis Be Started? Care of the Whole Person Death: Not the End of the Story References 22: Kidney Replacement Therapy: Common Problems in Dialysis and Transplant Patients Haemodialysis Vascular Access Complications of a Haemodialysis Catheter The Effects of Haemodialysis Treatment Fluid Balance in a Haemodialysis Patient Peritoneal Dialysis Kidney Transplant Causes of a Decline in Transplant Function Infection Malignancy References Frequently Asked Questions Measuring Kidney Function Symptoms Pregnancy Polycystic Kidney Disease Drugs High Blood Pressure Fluid Intake Potassium Protein Anaemia Bone Disease Kidney Stones Kidney Replacement Therapy Multiple Choice Questions Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 3 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter 8 Chapter 9 Chapter 10 Chapter 11 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapter 16 Chapter 17 Chapter 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 21 Chapter 22 Answers Case Reports Index