The Routledge Companion To Media And Activism

Description

The Routledge Companion to Media and Activism is a wide-ranging collection of 42 original and authoritative essays by leading contributors from a variety of academic disciplines. Introducing and exploring central debates about the diverse relationships between both media and protest, and communication and social change, the book offers readers a reliable and informed guide to understanding how media and activism influence one another. The expert contributors examine the tactics and strategies of protest movements, and how activists organize themselves and each other; they investigate the dilemmas of media coverage and the creation of alternative media spaces and platforms; and they emphasize the importance of creativity and art in social change. Bringing together case studies and contributors from six continents, the collection is organized around themes that address past, present and future developments from around the world. The Routledge Companion to Media and Activism is an essential reference and guide for those who want to understand this vital area. Cover......Page 1 Half Title......Page 2 Title Page......Page 4 Copyright Page......Page 5 Table of Contents......Page 6 Contributors......Page 11 Acknowledgements......Page 17 Introduction: Making meanings and making trouble......Page 18 Movements and moments, tactics and strategies......Page 19 The uses and abuses of media......Page 21 Activist arts and everyday creativity......Page 23 Part I:  Themes......Page 24 Part II: Organizations and identities......Page 25 Part III: Activist arts......Page 27 Part IV:  Tactics of visibility......Page 28 Part V:  Contesting narratives......Page 29 Part VI:  Changing the media......Page 30 Part  VII: Beyond social media......Page 31 References......Page 32 Part I: Themes......Page 34 Introduction......Page 36 A bygone dualistic world?......Page 37 Print’s companion media......Page 40 Here and now, then, what is really different?......Page 42 References......Page 45 Communication and media within social movement studies......Page 46 Social movements in complex media environments......Page 49 Future perspectives......Page 51 References......Page 52 Chapter 3: Nonviolent activism and the media: Gandhi and beyond......Page 55 Satyagraha and the media......Page 56 Globalizing satyagraha: the media and other forces......Page 58 Diffusion, transformation and the media......Page 59 Conclusion......Page 60 References......Page 61 Chapter 4: Can the Women’s Peace Camp be televised?: Challenging mainstream media coverage of Greenham Common......Page 64 Representing Greenham......Page 65 Television coverage......Page 66 The inside scoop: exploiting Greenham’s women-only mandate......Page 67 Parody and activist practice......Page 69 Scraps of resistance......Page 70 Conclusion......Page 72 References......Page 73 The truth shall not set us free......Page 74 The power of art......Page 75 What is artistic activism?......Page 77 Affect, Effect and Æffect......Page 80 References......Page 81 Chapter 6: Alternative computing......Page 82 From debate to advocacy......Page 83 From advocacy to intervention......Page 86 Closing remarks......Page 89 References......Page 90 Part II: Organizations and identities......Page 92 Introduction: making media and making change......Page 94 Key findings across movements......Page 97 References......Page 102 Premise......Page 104 Contemporary politics and civic engagement......Page 105 Connective action......Page 107 Affective publics......Page 109 Punctuated equilibrium theory......Page 110 A new paradigm for social change......Page 111 References......Page 112 Contentious action and mass protest in China: continuity and change......Page 114 Social media activism: China and beyond......Page 116 Organizing dynamics and mobilizing structures......Page 118 Conclusion......Page 121 References......Page 122 Introduction......Page 125 Crowds and social movements: conceptual definitions......Page 126 Social media and the intersections between movements and crowds: organizing and boundaries......Page 128 Intersections in processes of framing and bonding......Page 129 Conclusion......Page 131 References......Page 132 Finding labour’s voice......Page 134 Workers pick up the megaphone......Page 137 Radicals and reformers grab the mic......Page 138 The precariat and new media tools......Page 140 References......Page 141 The decline of the labour movement......Page 142 Can digital activism fix it?......Page 144 The future of worker resistance......Page 147 References......Page 148 Introduction......Page 151 The formation of publics......Page 152 Feminist media and cultural practices in the context of DIY culture......Page 153 Forming publics through alternative media and activist cultural practices......Page 156 References......Page 157 Introduction......Page 159 Social media activism: how does it differ from other forms of media activism?......Page 160 Within and beyond the collective: the importance of self-representation in social media activism......Page 161 Self-representation on social media: the question about digital storytelling and voice......Page 162 Social media activism, identity narratives and the everyday construction of political biographies......Page 163 Conclusion......Page 165 References......Page 166 Part III: Activist arts......Page 168 Conceptualist and performance art in Soviet and post-Soviet Russia......Page 170 Voiná......Page 171 Pussy Riot......Page 173 Pavlenskii......Page 175 References......Page 176 Introduction......Page 179 Rokudenashiko’s artistic activities......Page 180 Obscenity and art......Page 181 Media response to Rokudenashiko’s arrest and trial......Page 183 Conclusion......Page 185 References......Page 186 Introduction......Page 188 Musical prefigurativism and political activism: the case of Rola la Lucha Zapatista......Page 189 Pragmatism in music and politics: the case of Red Wedge......Page 192 References......Page 194 Introduction......Page 196 Exchanges and intimate relationships: Amie Anderson’s The Soap Exchange Project......Page 197 Time, narratives and Indigenous memories: Brook Andrew’s Intervening Time......Page 198 ‘Insistences of the ground’: Lyndal Jones’ The Avoca Project......Page 200 Remixing time and memory: Soda_Jerk’s The Time that Remains......Page 201 Conclusion......Page 202 References......Page 203 Chapter 19: I can haz rights?: Online memes as digital embodiment of craft(ivism)......Page 204 Craftivism......Page 205 Memes in politics......Page 206 Arthur’s Fist meme......Page 207 References......Page 210 Introduction......Page 213 Protest assemblages: a media and cultural studies perspective......Page 214 Remix as media activism method......Page 215 ‘The ultimate feminist photo’: remixing feminist protest assemblages......Page 217 Conclusion......Page 219 References......Page 220 Part IV: Tactics of visibility......Page 222 Atheism and activism......Page 224 Mediatized activism......Page 226 Affective events and icon bodies......Page 227 Feminism and New Atheism......Page 228 Political secularism......Page 229 The body that survives and the reinvention of religion......Page 230 References......Page 231 Chapter 22: The purchase of witnessing in human rights activism......Page 233 Witnessing of an event......Page 234 Witnessing for a purpose......Page 236 References......Page 238 Chapter 23: Palestine online: Occupation and liberation in the digital age......Page 240 Palestine’s media ecology......Page 241 Online resistance … as decolonization?......Page 242 Palestinian digital politics......Page 244 To witness, to prove, to protest......Page 245 References......Page 247 Chapter 24: Turning murders into public executions: ‘Beheading videos’ as alternative media......Page 249 The practice......Page 250 The development......Page 251 From user-generated content to professionally generated content......Page 253 Discipline, control, publicness and temporality......Page 254 Conclusion......Page 255 References......Page 256 Graffiti artists and the struggle for recognition......Page 258 Graffiti and subcultural identities......Page 259 The counter-information flow in the subcultural terrain......Page 260 Strategic tools for mobilization and resistance......Page 261 Beyond the immediacy of social media......Page 263 Conclusion......Page 264 References......Page 265 Transparency versus secrecy, openness versus control......Page 267 Key leaks 2016–2017......Page 269 Leaktivism’s discontents......Page 272 References......Page 274 Chapter 27: Counter-cartography: Mapping power as collective practice......Page 276 Counter-cartography......Page 277 Beyond the border, biopoetics......Page 279 Map = use value and commonplace knowledge......Page 283 References......Page 284 Part V: Contesting narratives......Page 286 Chapter 28: Climate justice, hacktivist sensibilities, prototypes of change......Page 288 Media and social change......Page 290 New narratives......Page 291 Cartography of resistance......Page 292 New modes of accountability......Page 293 Hacking the media landscape: beyond disruption......Page 294 References......Page 295 The discourse of far-right media......Page 297 The policies of the BNP......Page 299 Constructing cultural history......Page 300 Racism and the everyday......Page 301 The EU referendum and academic activism......Page 302 References......Page 304 Introduction......Page 306 Zimbabwean context......Page 307 Methodology......Page 308 Findings and discussion......Page 309 Conclusion......Page 312 References......Page 313 The city......Page 315 Historical context......Page 317 The offending plaque......Page 318 Interpretation......Page 319 References......Page 321 Introduction......Page 324 Birth of the Aboriginal flag......Page 326 Black Power news media strategy......Page 328 The Aboriginal Tent Embassy......Page 330 Conclusion – who won the war?......Page 331 References......Page 332 Part VI: Changing the media......Page 334 Introduction......Page 336 Policy interventions, media reform and global governance......Page 337 Inside: advocating for change......Page 339 Outside: protesting injustice......Page 340 Beyond: bypassing policy challenges......Page 341 Conclusion: opportunities and challenges for policy change......Page 342 References......Page 344 The birth of a movement......Page 346 ‘Freedom of the press’: freedom of the powerful over the powerless......Page 349 Conclusion......Page 352 References......Page 353 Introduction......Page 354 ‘Save Our Show’ activism......Page 355 Imagining different worlds......Page 356 Contesting common ground......Page 358 Conclusion......Page 359 References......Page 360 Background to copyright......Page 363 The problem with copyright......Page 364 Fair use......Page 365 Creative Commons......Page 366 Torrenting as civil disobedience......Page 368 Conclusion......Page 369 References......Page 370 Disability challenges for activism......Page 372 Histories of disability media activism......Page 373 Digital disability activism......Page 375 Conclusion......Page 377 References......Page 378 Part VII: Beyond social media......Page 382 Introduction and outline......Page 384 Algorithms and politics......Page 385 Algorithms as propaganda......Page 386 Algorithms as repression......Page 387 Algorithms as appropriation and resistance......Page 388 References......Page 390 Chapter 39: On the question of blockchain activism......Page 393 The core concepts of blockchain technologies......Page 394 Decentralization, transparency and smart contracts as ideological concepts......Page 395 Modulation of ownership and use regimes in the era of blockchains......Page 397 Media activism from within the blockchain: the ECSA......Page 399 Code execution against the possible and the open......Page 400 References......Page 401 1 Introduction......Page 402 2 Established research ethics guidelines......Page 403 3 Towards critical-realist internet research ethics......Page 405 4 Example cases of critical-realist internet research ethics......Page 408 5 Conclusion......Page 410 References......Page 411 Introduction......Page 412 The movement that blocks together stays together? The discursive contestation of technological solutions to trolling and harassment......Page 413 Discourses about blocklists in politically charged discussion settings......Page 415 Themes emerging in discussion......Page 417 Conclusion......Page 418 References......Page 419 Chapter 42: Organized networks in the age of platform capitalism......Page 421 Looking back at network cultures......Page 422 After the party......Page 424 New institutional forms as vehicles of transition......Page 425 Organizing Next Nature......Page 428 References......Page 430 Index......Page 432