Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems

Description

Fundamentals of Hydraulic Engineering Systems, Fourth Edition is a very useful reference for practicing engineers who want to review basic principles and their applications in hydraulic engineering systems. This fundamental treatment of engineering hydraulics balances theory with practical design solutions to common engineering problems. The author examines the most common topics in hydraulics, including hydrostatics, pipe flow, pipelines, pipe networks, pumps, open channel flow, hydraulic structures, water measurement devices, and hydraulic similitude and model studies. Chapters dedicated to groundwater, deterministic hydrology, and statistical hydrology make this text ideal for courses designed to cover hydraulics and hydrology in one semester. Cover CONTENTS PREFACE ACKNOWLEDGMENTS INTRODUCTION 1 FUNDAMENTAL PROPERTIES OF WATER 1.1 The Earth’s Atmosphere and Atmospheric Pressure 1.2 The Three Phases of Water 1.3 Mass (Density) and Weight (Specific Weight) 1.4 Viscosity of Water 1.5 Surface Tension and Capillarity 1.6 Elasticity of Water 1.7 Forces in a Fluid Field Problems 2 WATER PRESSURE AND PRESSURE FORCES 2.1 The Free Surface of Water 2.2 Absolute and Gauge Pressures 2.3 Surfaces of Equal Pressure 2.4 Manometers 2.5 Hydrostatic Forces on Flat Surfaces 2.6 Hydrostatic Forces on Curved Surfaces 2.7 Buoyancy 2.8 Flotation Stability Problems 3 WATER FLOW IN PIPES 3.1 Description of Pipe Flow 3.2 The Reynolds Number 3.3 Forces in Pipe Flow 3.4 Energy in Pipe Flow 3.5 Loss of Head from Pipe Friction 3.5.1 Friction Factor for Laminar Flow 3.5.2 Friction Factor for Turbulent Flow 3.6 Empirical Equations for Friction Head Loss 3.7 Friction Head Loss-Discharge Relationships 3.8 Loss of Head in Pipe Contractions 3.9 Loss of Head in Pipe Expansions 3.10 Loss of Head in Pipe Bends 3.11 Loss of Head in Pipe Valves 3.12 Method of Equivalent Pipes 3.12.1 Pipes in Series 3.12.2 Pipes in Parallel Problems 4 PIPELINES AND PIPE NETWORKS 4.1 Pipelines Connecting Two Reservoirs 4.2 Negative Pressure Scenarios (Pipelines and Pumps) 4.3 Branching Pipe Systems 4.4 Pipe Networks 4.4.1 The Hardy-Cross Method 4.4.2 The Newton Method 4.5 Water Hammer Phenomenon in Pipelines 4.6 Surge Tanks Problems 5 WATER PUMPS 5.1 Centrifugal (Radial Flow) Pumps 5.2 Propeller (Axial Flow) Pumps 5.3 Jet (Mixed-Flow) Pumps 5.4 Centrifugal Pump Characteristic Curves 5.5 Single Pump and Pipeline Analysis 5.6 Pumps in Parallel or in Series 5.7 Pumps and Branching Pipes 5.8 Pumps and Pipe Networks 5.9 Cavitation in Water Pumps 5.10 Specific Speed and Pump Similarity 5.11 Selection of a Pump Problems 6 WATER FLOW IN OPEN CHANNELS 6.1 Open-Channel Flow Classifications 6.2 Uniform Flow in Open Channels 6.3 Hydraulic Efficiency of Open-Channel Sections 6.4 Energy Principles in Open-Channel Flow 6.5 Hydraulic Jumps 6.6 Gradually Varied Flow 6.7 Classifications of Gradually Varied Flow 6.8 Computation of Water Surface Profiles 6.8.1 Standard Step Method 6.8.2 Direct Step Method 6.9 Hydraulic Design of Open Channels 6.9.1 Unlined Channels 6.9.2 Rigid Boundary Channels Problems 7 GROUNDWATER HYDRAULICS 7.1 Movement of Groundwater 7.2 Steady Radial Flow to a Well 7.2.1 Steady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers 7.2.2 Steady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers 7.3 Unsteady Radial Flow to a Well 7.3.1 Unsteady Radial Flow in Confined Aquifers 7.3.2 Unsteady Radial Flow in Unconfined Aquifers 7.4 Field Determination of Aquifer Characteristics 7.4.1 Equilibrium Test in Confined Aquifers 7.4.2 Equilibrium Test in Unconfined Aquifers 7.4.3 Nonequilibrium Test 7.5 Aquifer Boundaries 7.6 Surface Investigations of Groundwater 7.6.1 The Electrical Resistivity Method 7.6.2 Seismic Wave Propagation Methods 7.7 Seawater Intrusion in Coastal Areas 7.8 Seepage Through Dam Foundations 7.9 Seepage Through Earth Dams Problems 8 HYDRAULIC STRUCTURES 8.1 Functions of Hydraulic Structures 8.2 Dams: Functions and Classifications 8.3 Stability of Gravity and Arch Dams 8.3.1 Gravity Dams 8.3.2 Arch Dams 8.4 Small Earth Dams 8.5 Weirs 8.6 Overflow Spillways 8.7 Side-Channel Spillways 8.8 Siphon Spillways 8.9 Culverts 8.10 Stilling Basins Problems 9 WATER PRESSURE, VELOCITY, AND DISCHARGE MEASUREMENTS 9.1 Pressure Measurements 9.2 Velocity Measurements 9.3 Discharge Measurements in Pipes 9.4 Discharge Measurements in Open Channels 9.4.1 Sharp-Crested Weirs 9.4.2 Broad-Crested Weirs 9.4.3 Venturi Flumes Problems 10 HYDRAULIC SIMILITUDE AND MODEL STUDIES 10.1 Dimensional Homogeneity 10.2 Principles of Hydraulic Similitude 10.3 Phenomena Governed by Viscous Forces: Reynolds Number Law 10.4 Phenomena Governed by Gravity Forces: Froude Number Law 10.5 Phenomena Governed by Surface Tension: Weber Number Law 10.6 Phenomena Governed by Both Gravity and Viscous Forces 10.7 Models for Floating and Submerged Bodies 10.8 Open-Channel Models 10.9 The Pi Theorem Problems 11 HYDROLOGY FOR HYDRAULIC DESIGN 11.1 The Hydrologic Cycle 11.2 Precipitation 11.3 Design Storm 11.4 Surface Runoff and Stream Flow 11.5 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships: The Unit Hydrograph 11.6 Rainfall-Runoff Relationships: SCS Procedures 11.6.1 Losses from Rainfall and Rainfall Excess 11.6.2 Time of Concentration 11.6.3 SCS Synthetic Unit Hydrograph 11.6.4 SCS Design Hydrograph 11.7 Storage Routing 11.8 Hydraulic Design: The Rational Method 11.8.1 Design of Stormwater-Collection Systems 11.8.2 Design of Stormwater Pipes Problems 12 STATISTICAL METHODS IN HYDROLOGY 12.1 Concepts of Probability 12.2 Statistical Parameters 12.3 Probability Distributions 12.3.1 Normal Distribution 12.3.2 Log-Normal Distribution 12.3.3 Gumbel Distribution 12.3.4 Log-Pearson Type III Distribution 12.4 Return Period and Hydrologic Risk 12.5 Frequency Analysis 12.5.1 Frequency Factors 12.5.2 Testing Goodness of Fit 12.5.3 Confidence Limits 12.6 Frequency Analysis Using Probability Graphs 12.6.1 Probability Graphs 12.6.2 Plotting Positions 12.6.3 Data Plotting and Theoretical Distributions 12.6.4 Estimating Future Magnitudes 12.7 Rainfall Intensity-Duration-Frequency Relationships 12.8 Applicability of Statistical Methods Problems SYMBOLS ANSWERS TO SELECTED PROBLEMS INDEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T U V W Z