Religion, Devotion and Medicine in North India: The Healing Power of Sitala

Description

This volume examines notions of health and illness in North Indian devotional culture, with particular attention paid to the worship of the goddess Sitala, the Cold Lady. Consistently portrayed in colonial and postcolonial literature as the ambiguous 'smallpox goddess', Sitala is here discussed as a protector of children and women, a portrayal that emerges from textual sources as well as material culture. The eradication of smallpox did not pose a threat to Sitala and her worship. She continues to be an extremely popular goddess. Religion, Devotion and Medicine in North India critically examines the rise and affirmation of the 'smallpox myth' in India and beyond, and explains how Indian narratives, ritual texts and devotional songs have celebrated Sitala as a loving mother who protects her children from the effects, and the fear, of poxes, fevers and infantile disorders but also all sorts of new threats (such as global pandemics, addictions and environmental catastrophes). The book explores a wide range of ritual and devotional practices, including scheduled festivals, songs, vows, pageants, austerities, possession, animal sacrifices and various forms of offering. Built on extensive fieldwork and a close textual analysis of sources in Sanskrit and vernacular languages (Hindi, Bhojpuri and Bengali) as well as on a rich bibliography on the struggle against smallpox in colonial and post-colonial India, the book reflects on the ambiguous nature of Sitala as a phenomenon largely dependent on the enduring fascination with the exotic, and the horrific, that has pervaded public renditions of Indian culture in indigenous fiction, colonial reports, medical literature and now global culture. To aid study, the volume includes images, web links, appendixes and a filmography. FC Half Title Title Page Copyright Contents List of illustrations Acknowledgements Note on transliteration Abbreviations Months in north India Introduction 1. Śītalā, the Cold Mother The goddess Śītalā in Indian literature Purāṇas and dharmanibandhas Tantric and āgamic literature The Bengali Śītalāmaṅgalkāvyas Bhakti gīti Concluding remarks 2. Visions of the goddess: Theiconography of Śītalā Aniconic mūrtis Ethnographic vignette 1: Śrī Mātā Śītalā Devī Mandir, Gurgaon (Haryana) The water pitcher The broom and the winnower Cephalomorphic mūrtis Ethnographic vignette 2: The Agam Kuāṅ, Patna (Bihar) Ethnographic vignette 3: The Choṭa Mā Yātrā, Salkia (West Bengal) Zoomorphic and phytomorphic mūrtis Equestrian mūrtis The ass vāhana Ethnographic vignette 4: Śrī Dakṣiṇī Ādi Śītalā (Buṛhiyā Māī) Mandir, Banaras (Uttar Pradesh) Concluding remarks 3. Hosting Mā, feeding Mā .Controversies around Śītalāpūjā Ethnographic vignette 5: Animal sacrifice: feeding and thanking the goddess Ethnographic vignette 6: Possession: bearing the visit of the goddess Ethnographic vignette 7: Mortification of the flesh: Śītalā meets Māriyammaṉ Concluding remarks 4. The smallpox myth and the creation of the goddess of smallpox Ethnographic vignette 8: The Baṛī Śītalā Mandir of Adalpura (Uttar Pradesh) Disease and ambiguity: The construction of the ‘other’ in the Bengali maṅgalkāvyas The consolidation of the smallpox myth: The struggle against smallpox Concluding remarks 5. The Legacy of Śītalā After smallpox. The AIDS myth? Śītalā’s shade in Calcutta: On a contemporary maṅgal novel The Durgāfication of the goddess. Śītalā in pop-devotional culture Concluding remarks Concluding reflections Appendix A. Śrīśītalāsaptamīvratakathā (ŚVK 9–14) Appendix B. Śrīśītalāsaptamīvrata of Skandapurāṇa (VR 310–311) Appendix C. Śītalāsaptamīvratakathā of Bhaviṣyapurāṇa (VR 310–313) Appendix D. Śītalāpūjāpaddhati of Picchilātantra Bibliography Index