Evidence-Based Interventions for Children with Challenging Behavior

Description

1 Common Early Childhood Behavior Problems .................................... 1 Sleep Problems .......................................................................................... 2 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 2 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 3 Feeding Issues ........................................................................................... 4 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 4 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 5 Colic/Excessive Crying ............................................................................. 6 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 6 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 6 Toileting Issues ......................................................................................... 8 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 8 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 8 Fears, Worries, and Anxiety ...................................................................... 9 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 9 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 10 Sexual Behaviors ....................................................................................... 12 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 12 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 13 Aggression ................................................................................................ 13 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 13 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 14 Social Skills .............................................................................................. 15 Prevalence ............................................................................................. 15 Guidelines ............................................................................................. 15 Cultural Competence ................................................................................ 16 Step 1: Awareness ..................................................................................... 17 Step 2: Refl ection ...................................................................................... 17 Step 3: Knowledge .................................................................................... 18 Contents viii Conclusions ............................................................................................... 18 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 19 2 Early Childhood Development Theories ............................................... 21 Attachment Theory ................................................................................... 22 Cognitive Theory ...................................................................................... 23 Applied Behavior Analysis ....................................................................... 24 Parenting Styles ........................................................................................ 26 Ecological Systems Theory ....................................................................... 27 Prevention Model ...................................................................................... 28 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 28 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 29 3 The Prevention Model and Problem Solving ........................................ 31 Primary Prevention ................................................................................... 32 Secondary Prevention/Intervention ........................................................... 32 Tertiary Prevention/Intervention ............................................................... 33 Matching the Level of Care to the Child and Family’s Needs .................. 33 Problem-Solving Process Embedded in the Prevention Model ................ 34 Collaborative Problem Solving ................................................................. 37 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 38 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 38 4 Screening Techniques.............................................................................. 41 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 48 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 48 5 Evidence-Based Practices with Children and Their Caregivers ......... 51 Parent/Child Programs: Primary Prevention ............................................. 54 Reach Out and Read .............................................................................. 54 Parent/Child Programs: Secondary Prevention ......................................... 57 Helping Our Toddlers, Developing Our Children’s Skills (HOT DOCS) ........................................................................................ 58 Incredible Years .................................................................................... 60 Nurse-Family Partnership ..................................................................... 63 Parents as Teachers ............................................................................... 65 Parent/Child Programs: Tertiary Prevention ............................................. 67 Helping the Noncompliant Child Parent Training Program ................. 68 Lovaas Applied Behavior Analysis (Lovaas ABA) .............................. 70 Parent–Child Interaction Therapy ......................................................... 73 Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavior Therapy ..................................... 75 Multi-tier Programs ................................................................................... 77 Triple P-Positive Parenting Program ..................................................... 78 Child/Classroom Programs ....................................................................... 81 Commonalities Among Child/Classroom Programs ............................. 81 Child/Classroom Programs: Primary Prevention ...................................... 81 Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) ........................... 81 Contents ix Second Step ........................................................................................... 85 Social Skills in Pictures, Stories, and Songs Program .......................... 87 Tools of the Mind .................................................................................. 89 Primary or Secondary Prevention Programs ............................................. 91 Al’s Pals ................................................................................................ 92 Devereux Early Childhood Assessment (DECA) Program .................. 94 I Can Problem Solve/Interpersonal Cognitive Problem Solving (ICPS) ...................................................................................... 96 Incredible Years Dina Dinosaur ............................................................ 98 Classroom Programs: Tertiary Prevention ................................................ 101 Early Start Denver Model ..................................................................... 101 First Step to Success ............................................................................. 103 Learning Experiences and Alternative Programs for Preschoolers and Their Parents (LEAP) .......................................... 106 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 108 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 109 6 Behavioral Terms and Principles ........................................................... 111 Reinforcement ........................................................................................... 112 Punishment ................................................................................................ 113 Schedules of Reinforcement ..................................................................... 114 Time Out ................................................................................................... 115 Setting Up Time Out ............................................................................. 115 Using Time Out ..................................................................................... 116 Options for Younger Children ............................................................... 117 Extinction .................................................................................................. 117 Imitation/Modeling ................................................................................... 118 Using Stories to Facilitate Imitation/Modeling in Novel Situations ..... 120 Shaping ..................................................................................................... 121 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 121 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 121 7 Applying Principles of Behavior ............................................................ 125 The Problem-Solving Process ................................................................... 125 Problem Identifi cation ........................................................................... 125 Problem Analysis .................................................................................. 127 Intervention Implementation ................................................................. 129 Intervention Evaluation ......................................................................... 129 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 132 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 132 8 Progress Monitoring ............................................................................... 135 Introduction to Progress Monitoring ......................................................... 135 Progress Monitoring Methods ................................................................... 137 Rating Scales ......................................................................................... 137 Behavioral Observations ....................................................................... 138 Existing Tools ....................................................................................... 138 Contents x General Outcome Measurements for Preschool ....................................... 141 Creating Your Own Progress Monitoring Tool ......................................... 142 Naturalistic Observation ....................................................................... 142 Systematic Direct Observations ............................................................ 144 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 145 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 146 9 Evaluating Outcomes .............................................................................. 149 Directions for Graphing by Hand ............................................................. 150 Computer Graphing .................................................................................. 153 Graphing with Excel 2007 ........................................................................ 153 Graphing with Excel 2011 ........................................................................ 165 Guidelines for Evaluating Outcomes ........................................................ 178 Continue the Intervention ..................................................................... 179 Modify the Intervention ........................................................................ 179 Discontinue the Intervention ................................................................. 179 Evaluating Outcomes Examples ............................................................... 180 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 182 Assess Your Knowledge............................................................................ 182 10 Summary and Conclusions of Best Practices in Providing Services for YCCB .................................................................................. 185 Daniel: An Example of Primary Prevention ............................................. 186 Diane: An Example of Secondary Prevention .......................................... 187 Review of Diane’s Case ........................................................................ 189 Elizabeth: An Example of Tertiary Prevention ......................................... 189 Review of Elizabeth’s Case ................................................................... 190 Easton: An Example of Tertiary Prevention ............................................. 191 Review of Easton’s Case ....................................................................... 192 Conclusions ............................................................................................... 193 Appendix A: Developmental Milestones References ................................... 195 Appendix B: ABC Chart for Determining a Behavior’s Function ............. 197 Appendix C: HOT DOCS Behavior Chart ................................................... 199 Appendix D: Graphing by Hand ................................................................... 201 Glossary ........................................................................................................... 203 References ........................................................................................................ 207 About the Authors ........................................................................................... 221 Index ................................................................................................................. 223