DHM and Posturography

Description

DHM and Posturography explores the body of knowledge and state-of-the-art in digital human modelling, with its application in Ergonomics and Posturography. Digital Human Modelling is the science of representing humans with their physical properties, characteristics and behaviours in computerized, virtual models. These models can be used stand-alone, or integrated with other computerized object design systems, to design or study designs, workplaces or products in their relationship with humans. Digital Human Models serve as fast and cost efficient computer based tools for the assessment of human-system interaction. Posturography is the study of human balance. For even the smallest dislocation, postural movement occurs within a system of forces and moments, balancing the postural equilibrium; or alternatively, lending the body unstable. This equilibrium is continuously removed by internal disturbances, such as respiration or cardiac function; and external interaction with the environment. This book provides an industry first introductory and practitioner focused overview of human simulation tools, with detailed chapters describing elements of posture, postural interactions, and fields of application. Thus DHM tools and a specific scientific/practical problem – the study of posture – are linked in a coherent framework. Eventually the book shows how DHM interface with the most common physical devices for posture analysis, answering to a gap in literature and a common practitioner question. Case studies provide the applied knowledge for practitioners to make informed decisions An introductory up-to-date overview, and introduction to all industrially relevant DHM systems to inform trialing, procurement decisions, and initial applicationUser-level examples and case studies of DHM application in various industrial fields;Clearly structured and Posturography focused compendium, that is easy to access, read and understand Cover DHM and Posturography Copyright Dedication Contributors Preface Acronyms Glossary Part I: Introduction 1 - From Greek sculpture to the digital human model - a history of ``human equilibrium'' References 2 - Why do we need digital human models? 1. Introduction 2. A short review on the DHM development 3. Fields of DHM 3.1 Anthropometrical models 3.1.1 JACK 3.1.2 Safework/Human Builder 3.1.3 RAMSIS 3.1.4 SANTOS 3.2 Biomechanical models 3.3 Physiological medical models 3.3.1 Cognitive models 3.3.2 ACT-R 3.3.3 Soar 3.3.4 QN-MHP 4. SAE-DHM conferences 4.1 History of the conferences 4.2 Content of the conferences 4.2.1 General Modeling Aspects 4.2.2 Areas of Application 5. Technical development in the context of DHMs 5.1 Specific measurement tools and the results of their application 5.1.1 Measurement of the anthropometry 5.1.2 Measurement of posture and motion Mechanoelectric method Marker-based method Markerless procedures Modeling posture and movement 5.2 Consideration of new technologies 5.3 Confusion of the various model lines 5.3.1 Example: modeling of motion generation 5.3.2 Confusion with physiological medical models 5.4 Modelling of the hand 6. Conclusion References Further reading Part II: Human simulation tools 3 - Siemens Jack 1. Introduction 2. Jack simulation environments 2.1 The Jack portfolio 2.1.1 Jack for NX (CAD) 2.1.2 Teamcenter visualization Jack 2.1.3 Process simulate human 3. The Jack human model 3.1 Jack and anthropometry 3.1.1 Figure definition 3.1.2 Anthropometric databases 4. Task simulation with Jack 4.1 The task simulation builder framework 4.1.1 Natural instruction interface 4.1.2 Planning-the task execution engine 4.1.3 Immediate ergonomic reporting 5. Virtual reality and motion capture 6. Analysis capability 6.1 Collaborative robotics 7. Conclusion References 4 - Human Solutions RAMSIS 1. Introduction 2. RAMSIS application process 2.1 Digital representation of the customer market 2.2 Simulation of task-specific interactions 2.3 Ergonomic interaction analyses 3. Conclusion References 5 - Task-based digital human simulation with Editor for Manual work Activities - Basic functionalities, applications, and futur ... 1. Backstory and development of editor for manual work activities 2. Basic methodology 3. Functions 3.1 Planning and design 3.2 Simulation and visualization 3.3 Evaluation and documentation 4. Applications and future work 4.1 Fields of application 4.2 Future work References 6 - Santos: An integrated human modeling and simulation platform 1. Introduction 2. Benefits of human simulation 3. Virtual mockups and digital twins 4. Kinematic model 5. Behavior-induced posture prediction 6. Physics-based simulations: predictive dynamics 6.1 Predictive dynamics 6.2 Task execution 7. Strength limits and fatigue modeling 8. Hand modeling 9. Scenario generation 10. Stability and balance 11. Injury prediction 12. Artificial intelligence 13. Physiology modeling 14. Validation of human simulation environments 15. Current research areas 16. Conclusion References Further reading 7 - NexGen Ergonomics Inc. HumanCAD 1. Introduction 2. Digital human modeling options 3. Anthropometry 4. Comfort/discomfort 5. Vision and reach analysis 6. Center of mass and gravity 7. Conclusion References Further reading 8 - The AnyBody Modeling System 1. History and motivation for AMS 2. The model repository 3. Technical foundation 4. Kinematics 5. Redundant kinematics 6. Kinematic muscle modeling 7. Kinetic analysis 8. Force-dependent kinematics 9. Computationally efficient posture and motion prediction 10. Final remarks References 9 - Virtual Ergonomics by Dassault Systèmes 1. History 2. Evolution 2.1 Anthropometry 2.2 Manikin model 2.3 Ergonomic analyses 2.4 The (very near) future References 10 - CASIMIR-a human body model for the analysis of seat vibrations 1. Introduction 2. The human body model CASIMIR 2.1 Development 2.2 Setup and validation 2.3 Interface between RAMSIS and CASIMIR 3. Seat vibrations-dynamic comfort 3.1 Seat structure 3.2 Upholstery 3.3 Seat transmissibility characteristics 4. Ride comfort-combination of finite element method and multibody system 4.1 Condensation of the occupied seat 4.2 Computation of seat behavior in the time domain 4.3 Next steps References 11 - Industrial Path Solutions - Intelligently Moving Manikins 1. Background 2. Biomechanical model and skin mesh 3. Anthropometrics module 4. Motion prediction 5. Instruction language 6. Ergonomic evaluation 7. Research and development activities 8. Dynamic motion simulation 9. Muscle modeling-inspired and direct measurement-inspired ergonomic evaluations 10. Human-robot collaboration 11. Occupant packaging and vehicle ergonomics 12. Layout planning Acknowledgments References 12 - ERL seat design and digital human models 1. Introduction 2. Benchmark vehicles 3. Variation in vehicle packaging and anthropometry 4. Seat shape 5. Seat shape: patches and anatomical landmarks 6. Digital human body models 7. Torso postures logic 8. DHM interface with vehicle 9. Seated driver comfort 10. Seat adjustments: elbow, hip, and seat positions 11. Cushion design: cushion tilt and front of thigh 12. Seatback design: torso angle and eye height 13. Head restraint: neck angle and back recliner 14. Conclusions and recommendations Acknowledgments References Further reading 13 - ESI unique human model for seat (dis)comfort evaluation 1. Introduction 2. Finite element human models for various seat comfort fields 2.1 Initial ESI human model 2.2 Second generation of ESI human models 2.2.1 Data collection 2.2.2 Development of finite element human model for comfort prediction 2.3 Upgrade of ESI human models 2.4 Representative models of other population groups 3. Use of ESI human models to virtually test seat discomfort 3.1 Seating of human model 3.2 Seating comfort for different postures 3.3 Passenger living space 3.4 Effect of vibrations on human comfort 3.5 Human thermal comfort 4. Importance of anthropometries diversity and population percentiles in engineering 4.1 Population percentiles effect on seat comfort prediction 4.2 Nonstandard population groups effect on seat comfort prediction 5. Conclusion References 14 - Simcenter Madymo 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 3. Application 3.1 Crash pulse scaling 3.2 Airbag firing 3.3 Braking pulse 3.4 Simulation setup 3.5 AIS injuries 4. Study results 4.1 Step 4: Reference and autonomous emergency braking 4.2 Step 4: Design of experiments results 5. Discussion 6. Limitations of the study 7. Summary and conclusions 8. Acknowledgment References Further reading 15 - ESI VIRTHUMAN models for impact 1. Introduction 2. Model 2.1 Model structure 3. Model pre- and postprocessing 3.1 Pedestrian simulator-A user-friendly module for evaluation of pedestrian accidents 3.2 Evaluation of injury risk 3.3 Model validation 3.4 Component tests 3.4.1 Neck validation 3.4.2 Thorax validation 3.5 Overall validation 3.6 New euro NCAP regulation 4. Applications of VIRTHUMAN model 4.1 Pedestrian accident assessment 4.2 Public transport accident 5. Conclusion References 16 - Alaska/dynamicus - human movements in interplay with the environment 1. Introduction 2. Human model Dynamicus 3. Anthropometric data 4. Context model 5. Interaction model 6. Simulation methods 7. Automatic generation of process schemes 8. Recording of Movements 9. Analysis and assessment 10. Conclusion References Part III: Open source and internal DHM in posturography 17 - Open-source software to create a kinematic model in digital human modeling 1. Introduction 2. Overview 3. Methods 3.1 Creation of body surface from MakeHuman 3.2 Acquisition of subject kinematics during a physical task 3.3 Blender workflow 4. Discussion 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Part IV: Elements of posture 18 - Human head modeling and applications 1. Introduction 1.1 Head injury 1.2 Head-helmet model 1.3 Head-respirator model 2. Human head anatomy 3. Models and applications 3.1 Posture prediction 3.2 Impact simulation 3.2.1 Different falling objects 3.2.2 Effectiveness of different construction helmets 3.2.3 Rear effect to ballistic helmet impact 3.3 Respirator design 4. Conclusion References 19 - Neck postural stabilization, motion comfort, and impact simulation 1. Introduction 1.1 Comfort of automated driving 2. Neck modeling 2.1 Biomechanical head-neck model 2.2 Validation in the frequency domain 2.2.1 Validation results 2.2.2 Six Degrees of Freedom neck dynamics 2.3 Validation for impact conditions 3. Lumbar spine and neck modeling 4. Discussion 4.1 Insights gained in neck postural stabilization 4.2 Motion comfort Acknowledgments References 20 - Motion analysis and modeling of the shoulder: challenges and potential applications 1. Context: upper-limb musculoskeletal disorders, an economic and social challenge 2. The shoulder, a complex joint to measure and model 2.1 Modeling and simulation 2.2 Shoulder biomechanical experiments 3. Case study: overhead lifting tasks 3.1 Context 3.2 Instrumentation and procedure 3.3 Kinematics 3.4 Muscle activity and cocontraction 3.5 Musculoskeletal modeling 4. Conclusion References 21 - Development of a feasible finite element digital human hand model 1. Introduction 1.1 Phenomena of human grasping 1.2 Digital human (hand) models 1.3 Finite element method in human hand biomechanics and ergonomics 2. Material and methods 2.1 Reverse engineering 2.1.1 Geometry acquisition using medical imaging 2.1.2 Medical image segmentation 2.1.3 3D reconstruction 2.2 Finite element model 2.2.1 Material parameter determination 2.2.2 Boundary conditions 2.2.3 Movement and grasping simulations 2.3 Results and discussion 3. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 22 - The spine: biomechanics and subject-specific finite element models 1. Anatomy of the spine 2. Spinal vertebrae 3. Intervertebral discs 4. Ligamentous and muscle connections 5. Simulating the biomechanics of the spine 5.1 Types of models 5.2 Subject-specific finite element modeling of the spine 5.3 Subject-specific modeling for spinal deformity patients 5.4 Simulating anterior spinal deformity correction surgery using VirtuSpine 5.5 Future directions in modeling 6. Conclusion References 23 - Foot size and foot shape of children, adults and elderly 1. Introduction 2. Methodology 2.1 Participants 2.2 Method 3. Sensitivity of heel centerline alignment 4. Results and analysis 4.1 Anthropometric measures 4.2 Descriptive statistics 4.3 Analysis of variance 4.4 Prediction models: foot widths 4.5 Prediction models: foot heights 4.6 Prediction models: foot girths 4.7 Prediction models: foot flare 5. Correlations 6. Allometry 7. Discussion 8. Conclusions References 24 - Pelvic floor biomechanical assessment: current approaches and new evidence 1. Introduction 2. Current assessment of pelvic floor muscle function 2.1 Manometry 2.1.1 Improved manometry devices and prototypes 2.2 Dynamometry 2.3 Electromyography 3. Rational for new approaches of pelvic floor muscle function assessment References Part V: Postural interactions 25 - Posture and anthropometry 1. Introduction 2. Understanding and working with human body size and shape data 2.1 Anthropometric variability 2.2 Issues to consider when working with anthropometric data 2.2.1 Percentiles 2.2.2 Correlation 2.2.3 Standardized measurements 2.2.4 Database characteristics 2.3 The use of anthropometric data for digital human modeling 2.3.1 Percentile accommodation evaluation approaches 2.3.2 Alternative accommodation approaches 2.3.3 Encumbered anthropometry 2.3.4 Interaction with external objects 2.4 Anthropometry in user-centered design 2.5 Anthropometry and its relationship with other key measures 2.6 Recommendations for the use of anthropometric data in human modeling 3. Conclusion References 26 - Posturography 1. Introduction 2. Posturographic evaluation 2.1 Static and dynamic test without the use of computerized posturography 2.1.1 Barré's vertical 2.1.2 Bassani 2.1.3 Thumbs test 2.1.4 Fukuda's test 2.1.5 Craniocorpography 2.2 Computerized posturography 2.2.1 Static posturography 2.2.1.1 Time domain measures 2.2.1.2 Frequency domain measures 2.2.2 Dynamic posturography 2.2.2.1 Sensory organization test 2.2.2.2 Motor control test 2.2.2.3 Adaptation test 3. Discussion 4. Conclusion Acknowledgment References Part VI: Activities of daily living 27 - Physics-based sit-to-stand three-dimensional motion prediction considering seat pan contact 1. Introduction 2. Problem definition 3. Methodology 3.1 Digital human model 3.2 Numerical discretization 3.3 Physics-based sit-to-stand prediction formulation 3.3.1 Design variables 3.3.2 Objective function 3.3.3 Constraints 4. Results 4.1 Symmetrical STS 4.2 Asymmetrical STS 5. Validation 6. Discussion 7. Conclusion Appendix A1. Kinematic model of human body A2. Dynamic equations of motion References 28 - Digital human modelling and ergonomic design of sleeping systems 1. Introduction 2. Design for the quality of sleep: the factors for the ergonomic design of the bed system 3. Sleeping postures 4. Analysis of weight distribution over a bed system through digital human modeling 5. Neutral body posture and sleeping 6. Conclusion References Further reading 29 - Surface transitions and stair climbing and descent 1. Introduction 2. Surface transitions 2.1 Tripping 2.2 Indoor surface transitions 2.2.1 Temporal spatial 2.2.2 Kinematics 2.2.3 Foot clearance 2.3 Outdoor surface transitions 2.3.1 Temporal spatial 2.4 Kinematics 2.4.1 Foot clearance 3. Stair negotiation 3.1 Ascent 3.1.1 Ascent unaided by handrail 3.1.2 Ascent aided by handrail 3.2 Descent 3.2.1 Descent unaided by handrail 3.2.2 Descent aided by handrail 3.3 Foot clearance 4. Conclusion References 30 - Ingress-egress analysis for passenger vehicle design through digital human modeling 1. Introduction 2. Biomechanical analysis of ingress and egress and movement strategies 3. Human simulation and proactive ergonomics 4. Digital human modeling application in car ingress-egress 5. Conclusions and perspectives References Further reading 31 - Posture prediction and physics-based human motion simulation 1. Introduction 2. Digital human model 3. Recursive kinematics and dynamics 4. Optimization 5. Design variables 6. Performance measure 7. Joint displacement 8. Joint discomfort 9. Vision 10. Joint torque 11. Constraints 12. Distance 13. Vision 14. Self-avoidance 15. Posture prediction 16. External forces 17. Motion capture processing 18. Predictive dynamics 19. Future research 20. Conclusion References 32 - Three-dimensional body shape modeling and posturography 1. Introduction 2. Body scan databases 2.1 Large-scale body scanning surveys 2.2 Body scanning standardization 2.3 Dynamic data sets 3. Body shape modeling 3.1 Surface registration 3.2 Shape analysis 4. Dynamic shape modeling 4.1 Skeleton model 4.2 Pose deformation model 5. Body shape reconstruction 6. Concluding remarks References Further reading 33 - Adaptable digital human models from 3D body scans 1. Introduction 2. Methods 2.1 Surface correspondence 2.2 Building a statistical shape model 2.3 Feature modification 2.4 Identity removal 2.5 Posture normalization 3. Results 3.1 Statistical shape model 3.2 Posture-normalized shape model 3.3 Model performance-compactness 3.4 Shape prediction from features 4. Conclusion References 34 - Occupant comfort 1. Introduction 2. The role of ``comfort'' in ergonomics 3. Elements of comfort 4. Comfort assessment 5. Variability between DHM 6. Conclusions and perspectives References 35 - Models of the human in dynamic environments 1. Introduction 2. Context of humans in dynamic environments 3. Acceleration-based models of human response to vibration and shocks 4. Digital models representing the biomechanical response of the human body in dynamic environments 5. Comfort models for humans in dynamic environments 6. Summary References Part VII: Cognition and control 36 - Probabilistic reliability-physics models in aerospace human-in-the-loop (HITL) problems 1. Assuring aerospace missions success and safety and the role of uncertainties 2. Rationale behind a probabilistic risk analysis (PRA) incentive 3. Our PRA concept is a predictive (prior) effort, and not a statistical (posterior) one 4. Ten PRA ``commandments'' 5. Accelerated testing in aerospace electronics engineering: FOAT versus HALT 6. Mental workload (MWL) 7. Human capacity factor (HCF) 8. Distributions convolution model (DCM) and its application to the HLS situation 9. Double-exponential-probability-distribution (DEPD) model and its application to the MWL and HCF interaction 10. Probabilistic segmentation model and its application to the assessment of an aerospace mission probability of failure 11. Conclusion References 37 - Modeling human cognitive behavior for system design 1. Introduction 1.1 Summary and overview of this chapter 1.2 Limitations 2. Useful features for using models of cognition in system design 2.1 Risk-driven spiral system development approach 2.2 Tools for model use 2.3 Model builder 2.4 Model (task) libraries 2.5 Eyes and hands 2.6 A way to run the model numerous times 2.7 Graphic and textual output displays 2.8 How models can be used in design 2.9 Summary 3. Types of cognitive models used in design 3.1 Implicit models 3.2 Informal models 3.3 Task analysis approaches 3.4 Light automatic models 3.5 Computational predictive and generative models 3.6 Summary 4. Conclusion 4.1 Greater usability of models 4.2 General connection of models to the world Acknowledgments References Part VIII: Fields of applications 38.- Task analysis-Ergonomically designed socio-technical work processes or human-machine interfaces using digital ergonomic too ... 1. Digital ergonomics tool ``Visibility'' for the ergonomic assessment of visual-geometric requirements in the workplace 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Design recommendations for a VDU workplace 1.3 Implementation of ergonomic requirements in the ``Visibility'' ergonomic tool 1.4 Sample application 2. Ergonomic tool ``Body Forces'' 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Example application for rough planning of favorable force application points for hand-arm forces References 39 - Rehabilitation 1. Introduction 2. The ``conventional approach'' 3. The addition of material in the treatment 4. The technology in rehabilitation 4.1 The physical agents 4.2 Orthoses and smart prosthesis 4.3 Robotics 4.4 Virtual reality 4.5 Serious games 5. Conclusion References 40 - Digital human modeling in aerospace 1. Introduction 2. History 2.1 Computer graphics 2.2 Landing signal officer to first man/second man 2.3 BOEMAN 2.4 Computerized assessment of reach 2.5 Other early models-GTI poly, layerman, undeman 2.6 Intergraph I/EMS (Engineering modeling system) 2.7 Boeing CATIA human model 2.8 DHMS/MDHMS/BMDHMS/BHMS 2.9 Transition to COTS 2.10 FlyThru human model 2.11 NASA-ames MIDAS (man-machine interface design and analysis system) 2.12 Safework in virtual reality 2.13 Integration of CAD and DHM 3. DHM applications in commercial airplanes 3.1 Flight deck 3.2 Maintenance and servicing 3.3 Manufacturing 3.4 Cabin 4. DHM applications in military aircraft and space vehicles 4.1 Siemens teamcenter PLM, teamcenter visualization mockup, and VisJack 4.2 Flight decks and cockpits 4.3 Maintenance and servicing 4.4 Applications in space vehicles 5. The future 6. Conclusion References 41 - DHM applied to ergonomic design and assessment of diagnostic ultrasound systems 1. Introduction on ultrasound systems and work-related musculoskeletal disorders 2. Design guidelines of ultrasound systems 3. DHM and its role in designing new US system 4. DHM of US systems: example of US system evaluation according to the SDMS criteria with DHM 5. DHM in US systems design: future perspectives References Further reading 42.- Task-based digital human simulation with Editor for Manual work Activities - industrial applications in product design and ... 1. Fields of application 2. Example I: assembly operations with hand tools 3. Example II: digital planning and optimization of production layout 4. Example III: designing logistics processes and long cycles 5. Example IV: assessment and testing of process variants 6. Example V: human-robot collaboration 7. Example VI: ergonomic design for older and partly restricted workers 8. Example VII: Using Motion Capturing Data for work design 9. Outlook and future development References Further reading 43 - Medicine and the Virtual Physiological Human 1. The virtual physiological human-the origin 2. The virtual physiological human-the vision (STEP Consortium, 2007) 3. The virtual physiological human-A path to a holistic medicine? 4. VPH-inspired modeling 5. VPH-inspired personalized exercise treatments 6. Patient-specific digital human modeling in hip replacement design evaluation References Further reading 44 - Use of digital human modeling in product design 1. Introduction 2. Stages of product design and DHM 2.1 Product conceptualization phase 2.2 3D design phase 2.3 Prototyping and testing phase 2.4 Manufacturing phase 3. A digital human modeling based product design example 4. Challenges and future scope of using DHM for product design 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 45 - Clothing 1. Introduction 2. Avatars and fashion 2.1 Designing with an avatar 2.2 Creating for an avatar 2.3 Shopping with an avatar 3. Avatars for fashion 3.1 Processing of individual body scans 3.2 Statistical analysis of body scans 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 46 - Human modeling tools for spacesuit and hardware design and assessment 1. Introduction 2. Anthropometry for suit design and fit 2.1 Apollo suit: custom fit 2.2 Extravehicular mobility unit: modular design based on linear dimension measurements 2.3 Z-2: 3D scan and print technology 2.4 Z-2.5: Monte-Carlo fit assessment 3. Body geometry changes in microgravity 4. Suit mechanical limit and human-in-the-loop simulation 5. Suited mobility assessments 6. Kinematics and body geometry inside the spacesuit 7. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 47 - Individualization of digital human models for planning of human-robot collaboration 1. Introduction 2. Human-robot collaboration and DHM 3. Data acquisition 3.1 Documentation and data transfer format 4. Workflow for the individualization of HRC tasks 5. Discussion Acknowledgments References 48 - Anthropometric modeling in forensics 1. Introduction 1.1 Expert opinion in litigation 1.2 HumanCAD software tool 2. Forensic applications 2.1 Anthropometry 2.2 Body COG and balance 2.3 Reach Envelopes 2.4 Vision Cones 3. Conclusions References 49 - Biomechanical human models for seating discomfort assessment 1. Introduction 2. Musculoskeletal models 3. Finite element human models 4. Data for validation 4.1 Contact force data from IFSTTAR experimental seat 4.2 Open magnetic resonance imaging 5. Parametric modeling 5.1 Personalizing and positioning musculoskeletal models 5.1.1 Evaluation of scaling and positioning procedures 5.1.2 Computationally predicted internal loads and sitting discomfort 5.2 Parametric finite element buttock-thigh model 6. Concluding remarks Acknowledgments References Further reading Part IX: DHM protocols 50 - Standards and norms 1. Background of international standardization 2. Body of work 2.1 Ergonomics-ISO TC 159 2.2 Apparel sizing-ISO TC 133 2.3 Three-dimensional body processing-IEEE SA References 51 - DHM data exchange protocols 1. Introduction 2. Anthropometry 3. Scaling 4. Biomechanics 4.1 Kinematics 4.1.1 Skeleton configuration 4.1.2 Marker placement 4.1.3 Degrees of freedom in joints 4.1.4 Orientation and rotation of coordinate systems 4.2 Forces 5. File formats 6. Discussion 7. Conclusion References Part X: Integrations 52 - Motion analysis of work conditions using commercial depth cameras in real industrial conditions 1. Introduction 2. The validity of Kinect sensor for ergonomic assessment 3. Correction of Kinect data 4. Evaluation in real work conditions 5. Physical modeling of human motion data 6. Conclusion References 53 - Design smart clothing using digital human models 1. Introduction 2. Functional evaluation 2.1 Combining accelerometer and physiological data for activity and design evaluation 2.2 Ergonomic and biomechanical evaluation 2.2.1 Clothing simulation 3. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 54 - Integration of commercial pressure measurement technologies 1. Introduction 2. Sensors for pressure distribution instrumentation 3. Relationship between pressure distribution and the perception of comfort and pain 4. Industrial applications for sports equipment 5. Clinical applications (diabetic foot, ulcer prevention, and healing) 6. Finite element modeling 7. Electronic skin in robotics 8. Summary and conclusion References 55 - Haptic device integration 1. Introduction to haptic devices 2. Haptic device integration: problem statement 3. Introduction to rigid-body dynamics 4. Tactile device integration 5. Integration of force-feedback devices 6. Use cases in the manufacturing industry 7. Conclusion References Part XI: Case studies 56 - Application of 3D scanning in design education 1. Ergonomic design based on 3D scanning in our education 1.1 Insole design 1.2 EXO-L, ankle protector 1.3 MI-TP cast 1.4 Customized bra 1.5 Helmet design 1.6 Anthropometry of children's face for face mask design 1.7 Aerodynamic recumbent bicycle (human power team) 1.8 Virtual fit mapping 1.9 Three-dimensional hand scanner 2. Three-dimensional hand scanner 3. Processing of 3D scans for the application in product design References 57 - A virtual platform for lower limb prosthesis design and assessment 1. Introduction 2. Background 3. Three-dimensional reconstruction of human body district 3.1 Three-dimensional modeling of the residual lower limb 3.2 Simulation 3.3 Gait analysis 4. Traditional manufacturing process 5. Acquisition of 3D model 6. Socket Modeling Assistant 2 6.1 Patient data acquisition 6.2 Preliminary modeling 6.3 Customized modeling 6.4 Simulation and smart additive manufacturing 7. Automatic gait analysis detection 7.1 Motion capture acquisition 7.2 Gait Laboratory 8. Pressure data acquisition 9. Test and results 10. Conclusions References 58 - Three-dimensional scanning of the torso and breasts to inform better bra design 1. Introduction 2. General considerations when scanning women 2.1 Which scanner should you use? 2.2 Who should you scan? 2.3 Preparing your participant for scanning: marker placement 2.4 The scanning process 2.4.1 What should the participant wear during scanning? 2.4.2 What body position should be used during scanning? 2.4.3 What instructions should be given during scanning? 2.5 Extracting measurements from the scans 2.6 Breast surface and volume 2.6.1 Linear measurements of the breast 2.6.2 Circumferential measurements of the torso 3. Potential errors in measurements extracted from three-dimensional scans 3.1 Errors associated with outlining the perimeter of the breast 3.2 Incomplete visualization of large breasts 3.3 Inaccuracies in chest circumference measurements 4. Conclusions References 59 - Building patternmaking theory to better represent the female form 1. Introduction 2. Sizing systems 3. High street sizing of clothing 4. Improving pattern design 5. Pilot tester experiment 6. Results 7. Conclusion Appendix References 60 - Digital human modeling for collaborative robotics 1. Introduction 2. Requirements of digital human simulation for collaborative robotics 2.1 Simulation of robot motion 2.2 Simulation of human motion 3. A novel DHM controller for human-robot dynamic simulation 3.1 Linear quadratic programming controller 3.2 Tasks definition 4. Application to human-robot simulation 4.1 Method 4.2 Results 5. Discussion and conclusion References 61 - Designing aircraft seats to fit the human body contour 1. Introduction 2. Method 2.1 Participants 2.2 Setup and procedure 2.2.1 Equipment 2.2.2 Protocol 2.3 Data processing 2.3.1 Project EC: Economy class seat 2.3.2 Projects PEC and BC: Premium economy and business class seat 3. Results and application of three-dimensional scans 3.1 Adjustable seat pan feature for economy class seat 3.2 Lateral sleeping design concept for premium economy class seat 3.3 Full flat sleeping design concept for business class seat 4. Discussion and recommendations 5. Conclusion Acknowledgments References 62 - Posture analysis in extreme sports 1. Which role for posture analysis in extreme sports? 2. Static posturography 3. Dynamic posturography 4. Extreme sport-specific tools and applications 5. Conclusions References 63 - Predicting vehicle occupant postures using statistical models 1. Introduction 2. Driver posture models 3. Passenger posture models 4. Conclusion Acknowledgments References Index A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover