Mastering PostgreSQL 13 Build, Administer, and Maintain Database Applications Efficiently with PostgreSQL

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Title Page Copyright and Credits Mastering PostgreSQL 13 Fourth Edition About Packt Why subscribe? Contributors About the author About the reviewer Packt is searching for authors like you Preface Who this book is for What this book covers To get the most out of this book Download the example code files Conventions used Get in touch Reviews PostgreSQL 13 Overview What's new in PostgreSQL 13? Digging into SQL and developer-related topics Improving psql command-line handling Improving pgbench Generating random UUIDs more easily Dropping databases faster Adding ALTER TABLE ... DROP EXPRESSION ... Making use of performance improvements Deduplication of B-tree indexes Adding incremental sorting Adding -j 8 to reindexdb Allowing hash aggregates to spill to disk Speeding up PL/pgSQL Parallelizing VACUUM operations Allowing skipping of WAL for full table writes Additional performance improvements Making monitoring more powerful Additional system views Summary Understanding Transactions and Locking Working with PostgreSQL transactions Handling errors inside a transaction Making use of SAVEPOINT Transactional DDLs Understanding basic locking Avoiding typical mistakes and explicit locking Considering alternative solutions Making use of FOR SHARE and FOR UPDATE Understanding transaction isolation levels Considering Serializable Snapshot Isolation transactions Observing deadlocks and similar issues Utilizing advisory locks Optimizing storage and managing cleanup Configuring VACUUM and autovacuum Digging into transaction wraparound-related issues A word on VACUUM FULL Watching VACUUM at work Limiting transactions by making use of snapshot too old Making use of more VACUUM features Summary Questions Making Use of Indexes Understanding simple queries and the cost model Making use of EXPLAIN Digging into the PostgreSQL cost model Deploying simple indexes Making use of sorted output Using more than one index at a time Using bitmap scans effectively Using indexes in an intelligent way Understanding index de-duplication Improving speed using clustered tables Clustering tables Making use of index-only scans Understanding additional B-tree features Combined indexes Adding functional indexes Reducing space consumption Adding data while indexing Introducing operator classes Creating an operator class for a B-tree Creating new operators Creating operator classes Testing custom operator classes Understanding PostgreSQL index types Hash indexes GiST indexes Understanding how GiST works Extending GiST GIN indexes Extending GIN SP-GiST indexes BRIN indexes Extending BRIN indexes Adding additional indexes Achieving better answers with fuzzy searching Taking advantage of pg_trgm Speeding up LIKE queries Handling regular expressions Understanding full-text search Comparing strings Defining GIN indexes Debugging your search Gathering word statistics Taking advantage of exclusion operators Summary Questions Handling Advanced SQL Introducing grouping sets Loading some sample data Applying grouping sets Investigating performance Combining grouping sets with the FILTER clause Making use of ordered sets Understanding hypothetical aggregates Utilizing windowing functions and analytics Partitioning data Ordering data inside a window Using sliding windows Understanding the subtle difference between ROWS and RANGE Removing duplicates using EXCLUDE TIES and EXCLUDE GROUP Abstracting window clauses Using on-board windowing functions The rank and dense_rank functions The ntile() function The lead() and lag() functions The first_value(), nth_value(), and last_value() functions The row_number() function Writing your own aggregates Creating simple aggregates Adding support for parallel queries Improving efficiency Writing hypothetical aggregates Summary Log Files and System Statistics Gathering runtime statistics Working with PostgreSQL system views Checking live traffic Inspecting databases Inspecting tables Making sense of pg_stat_user_tables Digging into indexes Tracking the background worker Tracking, archiving, and streaming Checking SSL connections Inspecting transactions in real time Tracking VACUUM and CREATE INDEX progress Using pg_stat_statements Creating log files Configuring the postgresql.conf file Defining log destination and rotation Configuring syslog Logging slow queries Defining what and how to log Summary Questions Optimizing Queries for Good Performance Learning what the optimizer does A practical example – How the query optimizer handles a sample query Evaluating join options Nested loops Hash joins Merge joins Applying transformations Applying equality constraints Exhaustive searching Checking out execution plans Making the process fail Constant folding Understanding function inlining Introducing join pruning Speedup set operations Understanding execution plans Approaching plans systematically Making EXPLAIN more verbose Spotting problems Spotting changes in runtime Inspecting estimates Inspecting buffer usage Fixing high buffer usage Understanding and fixing joins Getting joins right Processing outer joins Understanding the join_collapse_limit variable Enabling and disabling optimizer settings Understanding genetic query optimization Partitioning data Creating inherited tables Applying table constraints Modifying inherited structures Moving tables in and out of partitioned structures Cleaning up data Understanding PostgreSQL 13.x partitioning Adjusting parameters for good query performance Speeding up sorting Speeding up administrative tasks Making use of parallel queries What is PostgreSQL able to do in parallel? Parallelism in practice Introducing JIT compilation Configuring JIT Running queries Summary Writing Stored Procedures Understanding stored procedure languages Understanding the fundamentals of stored procedures versus functions The anatomy of a function Introducing dollar quoting Making use of anonymous code blocks Using functions and transactions Exploring various stored procedure languages Introducing PL/pgSQL Handling quoting and the string format Managing scopes Understanding advanced error handling Making use of GET DIAGNOSTICS Using cursors to fetch data in chunks Utilizing composite types Writing triggers in PL/pgSQL Writing stored procedures in PL/pgSQL Introducing PL/Perl Using PL/Perl for data type abstraction Deciding between PL/Perl and PL/PerlU Making use of the SPI interface Using the SPI for set returning functions Escaping in PL/Perl and support functions Sharing data across function calls Writing triggers in Perl Introducing PL/Python Writing simple PL/Python code Using the SPI interface Handling errors Improving functions Reducing the number of function calls Using cached plans Assigning costs to functions Using functions for various purposes Summary Questions Managing PostgreSQL Security Managing network security Understanding bind addresses and connections Inspecting connections and performance Living in a world without TCP Managing pg_hba.conf Handling SSL Handling instance-level security Creating and modifying users Defining database-level security Adjusting schema-level permissions Working with tables Handling column-level security Configuring default privileges Digging into RLS Inspecting permissions Reassigning objects and dropping users Summary Questions Handling Backup and Recovery Performing simple dumps Running pg_dump Passing passwords and connection information Using environment variables Making use of .pgpass Using service files Extracting subsets of data Handling various formats Replaying backups Handling global data Summary Questions Making Sense of Backups and Replication Understanding the transaction log Looking at the transaction log Understanding checkpoints Optimizing the transaction log Transaction log archiving and recovery Configuring for archiving Configuring the pg_hba.conf file Creating base backups Reducing the bandwidth of backups Mapping tablespaces Using different formats Testing transaction log archiving Replaying the transaction log Finding the right timestamp Cleaning up the transaction log archive Setting up asynchronous replication Performing a basic setup Improving security Halting and resuming replication Checking replication to ensure availability Performing failovers and understanding timelines Managing conflicts Making replication more reliable Upgrading to synchronous replication Adjusting durability Making use of replication slots Handling physical replication slots Handling logical replication slots Use cases for logical replication slots Making use of the CREATE PUBLICATION and CREATE SUBSCRIPTION commands Summary Questions Deciding on Useful Extensions Understanding how extensions work Checking for available extensions Making use of contrib modules Using the adminpack module Applying bloom filters Deploying btree_gist and btree_gin dblink – considering phasing out Fetching files with file_fdw Inspecting storage using pageinspect Investigating caching with pg_buffercache Encrypting data with pgcrypto Prewarming caches with pg_prewarm Inspecting performance with pg_stat_statements Inspecting storage with pgstattuple Fuzzy searching with pg_trgm Connecting to remote servers using postgres_fdw Handling mistakes and typos Other useful extensions Summary Troubleshooting PostgreSQL Approaching an unknown database Inspecting pg_stat_activity Querying pg_stat_activity Treating Hibernate statements Figuring out where queries come from Checking for slow queries Inspecting individual queries Digging deeper with perf Inspecting the log Checking for missing indexes Checking for memory and I/O Understanding noteworthy error scenarios Facing clog corruption Understanding checkpoint messages Managing corrupted data pages Careless connection management Fighting table bloat Summary Questions Migrating to PostgreSQL Migrating SQL statements to PostgreSQL Using lateral joins Supporting lateral joins Using grouping sets Supporting grouping sets Using the WITH clause – common table expressions Supporting the WITH clause Using the WITH RECURSIVE clause Supporting the WITH RECURSIVE clause Using the FILTER clause Supporting the FILTER clause Using windowing functions Supporting windowing and analytics Using ordered sets – the WITHIN GROUP clause Supporting the WITHIN GROUP clause Using the TABLESAMPLE clause Supporting the TABLESAMPLE clause Using limit/offset Supporting the FETCH FIRST clause Using the OFFSET clause Supporting the OFFSET clause Using temporal tables Supporting temporal tables Matching patterns in time series Moving from Oracle to PostgreSQL Using the oracle_fdw extension to move data Using ora_migrator for fast migration CYBERTEC Migrator – migration for the "big boys" Using Ora2Pg to migrate from Oracle Common pitfalls Handling data in MySQL and MariaDB Changing column definitions Handling null values Expecting problems Migrating data and schemas Using pg_chameleon Using FDWs Summary Other Books You May Enjoy Leave a review - let other readers know what you think