The Physical Chemist's Toolbox

Description

Assembling a great deal of material in one place, this book serves as a valuable guide for chemists and related physical scientists throughout their careers -- covering essential equations, theories, and tools needed for conducting and interpreting contemporary research. Offers a comprehensive and in-depth treatment of the most challenging concepts of chemistryUpdates and revises existing chapters from the prior edition and adds: new chapters on inorganic, organic, and biochemistry; appendices about nuclides and organic reactions; and expanded questions at the end of chaptersHas a complementary website with a solutions manual and PowerPoint presentations for instructors Cover Title Page Copyright Page Contents Foreword Preface and Philosophy About the Companion Website Chapter 1 Fundamental Particles, Fundamental Forces, and Mathematical Tools 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Fundamental Forces, Elementary Particles, Nuclei, and Atoms 1.2 Force One: Gravitation 1.3 Force Three: Weak Force 1.4 Force Four: Strong Force 1.5 Review of Mathematical Concepts 1.5.1 Mathematics and Statistics 1.5.2 Functions, Equations, and Functionals 1.5.3 Quadratic, Cubic, and Quartic Equations 1.5.4 Partial Derivatives 1.5.5 Jacobians 1.5.6 Line integral 1.5.7 The Gauss–Green–Stokes Theorem 1.5.8 Techniques of integration 1.5.9 Differential Forms 1.5.10 Infinite Series 1.5.11 Sum and Integral Killers: The Kronecker Delta and the Dirac Delta Function 1.5.12 Ordinary Differential Equations (ODEs) 1.5.13 The Lagrange Method of Undetermined Multipliers 1.5.14 Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) 1.6 Mechanics, Vectors, Tensors, and Determinants 1.6.1 Forces and Linear Momentum 1.6.2 Dimensional Analysis 1.6.3 Unit Systems 1.6.4 Vectors 1.6.5 Determinants 1.6.6 Matrices 1.6.7 Tensors 1.6.8 Similarity Transformations 1.6.9 Eigenvalue-Eigenvector Problem 1.6.10 Planar Rotations 1.6.11 Eulerian Rotations 1.6.12 Covariant and Contravariant Vectors and Tensors 1.6.13 Covariant 1.6.14 Moment of Inertia and Angular Momentum 1.6.15 Derivative Operators: “Ski Slopes,” “Hernias,” and “Curls” 1.6.16 Gradient 1.6.17 Divergence 1.6.18 Curl 1.6.19 Gauss–Green–Stokes Theorem 1.6.20 Combinatorics 1.7 Hooke’s Law, One-dimensional Chain, Dispersion Relations, and Stress–Strain Tensors 1.7.1 Longitudinal Mechanical Waves Subjected to Hooke’s Law 1.7.2 Longitudinal Elastic Waves in a 1D Array of Equal Masses and Springs 1.7.3 One-dimensional Chain with Two Kinds of Atoms: A Band Gap Appears 1.7.4 Stress and Strain Tensors 1.8 Lagrange’s Function and Hamilton’s Function 1.9 Force Two: Electromagnetism 1.9.1 Coulomb’s Law and Ampère’s Law 1.9.2 Material Media and Their Reaction to External Fields 1.9.3 Maxwell’s Equations 1.9.4 Scalar and Vector Potentials 1.9.5 Polarization of Electromagnetic Waves 1.9.6 Multipoles 1.9.7 Electric Dipole Moments 1.9.8 Electric Multipole Moments, Polarizabilities and Hyperpolarizabilities 1.10 The Size of Fundamental Particles and the Physical Meaning of Quantum Numbers 1.11 Special Relativity 1.12 Feynman Diagrams 1.13 General Relativity, Gravity as a Curvature of Space-Time and the Size of the Universe 1.14 Elements of Optics 1.14.1 Jones Vector 1.14.2 Anisotropic Indices of Refraction 1.14.3 Mirrors 1.14.4 Prisms and Gratings 1.15 Transforms 1.15.1 Convolution Theorem 1.15.2 Laplace Transforms 1.15.3 Wavelet Transform 1.16 Contour Integration and Kramers–Kronig Relations 1.17 Error Analysis 1.17.1 Errors 1.17.2 Propagation of Errors 1.17.3 Gaussian Normal Error Probability Function 1.17.4 Binomial Distribution 1.17.5 Poisson Distribution 1.17.6 Least Squares or Linear Regression Analysis 1.18 Statistics 1.19 General References References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 2 Quantum Mechanics 2.0 Introduction 2.1 Quantum Postulates 2.1.1 Bras, Kets, and Hermitian Operators 2.2 Quantum Mechanics of the Free Electron 2.3 The Particle in a Box 2.3.1 Tunneling or Barrier Penetration or Scattering in One Dimension 2.3.2 Radioactive Decay 2.3.3 Gamow Calculation 2.4 The Harmonic Oscillator 2.5 The Hamiltonian for the One-electron Atom in a Central Field 2.6 The Rigid Rotor 2.7 The Hamiltonian and Eigenfunctions for the N-electron Atom or Molecule 2.8 Space Quantization: the Allowed Orientations of Orbital and Spin Angular Momenta 2.9 Aufbau for Atoms 2.10 Lewis Octets 2.11 Promotion and Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals 2.12 Bonding in Hydrogen Molecule: Valence Bond vs. Molecular Orbital and Variational Approaches 2.13 Aufbau for Molecules: σ and π Bonding 2.14 Perturbation Theory 2.15 The Hartree–Fock Method 2.16 The Roothaan–Hall Matrix Formulation of the Hartree–Fock Problem 2.17 Implementation of the Hartree–Fock Method 2.18 Configuration Interaction 2.19 Density Functional Theory (DFT) 2.20 Molecular Mechanics 2.21 The Hückel Problem, or “Simple” Hückel Molecular Orbital Theory (SHMO) 2.22 Extended Huckel Theory 2.23 Pariser–Parr–Pople Theory 2.24 Neglect of Differential Overlap (NDO) Methods 2.25 Magnetic Moments, Landé g-factor, Larmor Precession, Spin–Orbit Coupling, and Thomas Precession 2.25.1 Larmor Precession 2.25.2 The g = 2 Puzzle, Stated 2.25.3 Spin–Orbit Interaction 2.25.4 The g = 2 Puzzle Solved: Thomas Precession 2.26 More Terms of the Hamiltonian Operator for a Many-Electron Atom or Molecule 2.27 “Van der Waals” Interactions in Molecules 2.28 Atomic Structure: LS (Russell–Saunders) vs. jj Coupling 2.29 Molecular Spectroscopy 2.30 Einstein A and B Coefficients 2.31 Absorption of Light: Beer–Bouguer–Lambert Law, or Beer’s Law 2.32 Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory: The Rabi Formula 2.33 Fermi’s Golden Rule 2.34 Photon–Molecule Interaction – The Hamiltonian 2.35 Transition Moments and Einstein Coefficients 2.35.1 Oscillator Strength 2.36 Quantum Electrodynamics 2.37 General Radiative Transitions 2.38 Static vs. Resonant Detection 2.39 Static Electric–Dipole Selection Rules for the One-Electron Atom 2.40 Static Electric-Dipole Selection Rules for the Harmonic Oscillator 2.41 Lifetimes from Resonance Lineshapes 2.42 Light Scattering References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 3 Thermodynamics 3.0 Review of Thermodynamics 3.1 The Three (Plus One) Laws of Thermodynamics 3.1.1 Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics (Transitivity) 3.1.2 First Law of Thermodynamics (Conservation of Energy –“You Can’t Win”) 3.1.3 Second Law of Thermodynamics (“You Cannot Even Break Even”) 3.1.4 Third Law of Thermodynamics 3.2 Useful Auxiliary Functions: Enthalpy, Helmholtz Free Energy, and Gibbs Free Energy 3.3 Perfect Differentials (Two-Forms) 3.4 Useful Measurables: Thermal Expansivity, Heat Capacity, Joule–Thomson and Isothermal Thompson Coefficients, and the Chemical Potential 3.5 Gibbs Phase Rule 3.6 Crystalline and Amorphous Solids 3.7 Liquids 3.8 Perfect Gas Law, the PVT Surface, the van der Waals Equation and Virial Equations 3.9 Arrhenius Assumption 3.10 More About Gases: Maxwell–Boltzmann Distribution, Collision Frequency, Mean Free Path, and Gaseous Effusion 3.11 More About Liquids 3.11.1 Osmosis 3.11.2 Superfluid 3.12 More About Solids 3.12.1 Magnetic Solids 3.12.2 Electrets 3.13 Liquid Crystals 3.14 Two-component Liquid–Vapor Phase Diagrams 3.15 Two-component Solid–Liquid Phase Diagrams for Solid–Liquid Equilibria 3.16 The Chemical Potential, Ideal Solutions, and Colligative Properties 3.16.1 Freezing-Temperature Depression 3.17 Two-Dimensional Version of the Perfect Gas Law 3.17.1 Micelles and Liposomes 3.18 Contact Angle and Surface Tension Measurements 3.19 Adiabatic and Diathermal Walls and Fixed-Temperature Baths 3.20 Thermodynamic Efficiency: The Carnot, Otto, Diesel, and Rankine Cycles 3.21 International Standards for Time, Mass, Length, Temperature, and Brightness 3.22 Standard States and Enthalpies and Gibbs Free Energies of Formation 3.23 Bond Enthalpies 3.24 Electronegativity 3.25 Reaching for High and Low Temperatures 3.26 Attainment of High and Low Pressures References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 4 Statistical Mechanics 4.0 Introduction 4.1 Replicas and Ensembles, Fermions, Bosons, and Boltzons 4.1.1 Fermion Postulate 4.1.2 Boson Postulate 4.1.3 Boltzon Postulate 4.2 CB, FD, and BE Distributions, and the Microcanonical Ensemble 4.2.1 Maximum Probability 4.3 Canonical, Grand Canonical, Isothermal-Isobaric, and Generalized Ensembles 4.4 Links Between the Partition Functions and Some Thermodynamic Functions 4.5 Heat Capacities 4.5.1 Translation 4.5.2 Rotation 4.5.3 Nuclear Spin Effects on Rotation 4.5.4 Vibration 4.5.5 Electronic Excitation 4.5.6 Einstein and Debye Theories of the Low-temperature Heat Capacity of Solids [4.2] 4.5.7 Debye Theory of the Heat Capacity of Solids 4.6 Black-Box Radiation, and the Birth of Quantum Mechanics 4.7 Electronic Heat Capacity: Drude vs. Fermi–Dirac 4.8 Magnetic Susceptibilities 4.8.1 General Phenomenology 4.8.2 Dilute Ensemble of Paramagnetic Ions 4.8.3 Diamagnetism 4.8.4 Ferromagnetism 4.9 Electric Susceptibilities 4.10 Universal Theory of Critical Phenomena References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 5 Kinetics, Equilibria, and Electrochemistry 5.0 Introduction 5.1 Energetics, Reaction Coordinate, Transition States, Intermediates, and Catalysis 5.2 Classification of Reaction Types 5.3 First-Order and Unimolecular Reactions 5.3.1 Carbon-14 Dating 5.4 Second-Order (Unmixed) and Unmixed Bimolecular Reactions 5.5 Second-Order (Mixed) and Mixed Bimolecular Reactions 5.6 Third-Order (Unmixed) and Unmixed Termolecular Reactions 5.7 Reversible Reactions 5.8 Consecutive Reactions 5.9 The Steady-State Approximation and the Rate-Determining Step 5.10 Approximation Methods: the Michaelis–Menten Equation 5.11 Chain Reactions. The Reaction of Hydrogen and Bromine at High Temperature 5.12 Using Laplace Transforms to Solve Kinetics Equations 5.13 Reaction Rate Theories and Energy Surfaces 5.14 Marcus Theory of Electron Transfer 5.15 Equilibria in Aqueous Solution: pH 5.16 Equilibria in Nonaqueous Solvents 5.17 Lewis Acids and Lewis Bases 5.18 Electrochemistry: Electrode Potentials and the Nernst Equation 5.19 Gouy–Chapman Double-Layer Theory 5.20 Nernst–Planck and Cottrell Equations Further Reading References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 6 Symmetry 6.0 Symmetry 6.1 Symmetry in Crystals 6.2 Symmetry Operations and Point Groups 6.3 Group Theory and Character Tables 6.4 Bravais Lattices 6.5 The 32 Crystallographic Point Groups 6.6 The 17 Plane Groups 6.7 The 230 Crystallographic Space Groups 6.8 Listing of Elements, Simple Compounds, and Their Crystal Structures 6.9 The Wigner–Seitz Cell 6.10 Reciprocal Lattice 6.11 Symmetry of 2D Surfaces 6.12 Descent of Symmetry 6.13 Covariant and Contravariant Transformations 6.13.1 Covariant 6.13.2 Contravariant 6.13.3 Four by Four 6.13.4 Generation of 230 Space Groups Using 4 by 4 Matrices 6.14 Example of Descent of Symmetry: VO2 References Chapter 7 Solid State Physics 7.0 Introduction 7.1 Electrical Resistance, Hall Effect, Drude Model, Tunneling, and the Landauer Formula 7.2 Fermi–Dirac Statistics for Electron Gas: Sommerfeld Model 7.3 X-ray Diffraction 7.4 Quantum Numbers in a Macroscopic Solid: Bloch Waves 7.5 Bloch Waves in One Dimension and Dispersion Relations 7.6 Band Structures 7.7 Theoretical Methods for Computing Wavefunctions in Solids 7.7.1 The Tight-Binding Method 7.7.2 Cellular Method 7.7.3 Band Structure for the Muffin-tin Potential 7.7.4 Augmented Plane Waves (APW) 7.7.5 Orthogonalized Plane Waves (OPW) 7.7.6 Hubbard Hamiltonian 7.8 Mixed Valence and One-Dimensional Instabilities 7.9 Defects and Mobile Excitations in Solids and Molecules 7.10 Superconductivity 7.11 Lattice Energies: Madelung, Repulsion, Dispersion, Dipole–dipole, and Others References Chapter 8 Electrical Circuits, Amplifiers, and Computers 8.0 Introduction 8.1 Electrical Components 8.2 Simple Circuits with No Rectification or Amplification 8.2.1 Resistors 8.2.2 Capacitance 8.2.3 Capacitors 8.2.4 Inductance 8.2.5 Inductors 8.2.6 Kirchhoff’s Rules for Circuits 8.2.7 Series RLC Circuit 8.3 Vacuum Tube Diode 8.4 Vacuum Tube Triode 8.5 Conduction in Pure and Doped Si and Ge 8.6 Rectification in pn Junction Diodes or Rectifiers 8.7 pnp and npn Transistors 8.8 Small-Signal Theory for Transistors 8.9 Large-Signal Behavior of Junction Transistors 8.10 Unipolar or Field-Effect Transistors (FET) 8.11 JFETs 8.12 Operational Amplifiers 8.13 Historical Introduction to Computers 8.14 Elementary Digital Concepts 8.15 Computer Architecture 8.16 Compilers 8.17 Simple Programming 8.18 Communicating with a Computer Operating System Commands References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 9 Sources, Sensors, and Detection Methods 9.0 Introduction 9.1 Cosmic Rays 9.2 Source: Isotopes and Fission Energy Sources 9.3 Source: Solar Energy 9.4 Source: Earth-Based Nuclear Fusion 9.5 Source: Photovoltaic Cells 9.6 X-rays 9.7 Cherenkov and Synchrotron Radiation, Bremsstrahlung 9.8 Conventional Light Sources 9.9 Microwave Sources 9.10 Masers and Lasers 9.11 Lightning 9.12 St. Elmo Fire 9.13 Aurora Borealis 9.14 Fireflies 9.15 Arcs and Sparks 9.16 Flames 9.17 Light-Emitting Diodes: Inorganic, Organic, and Polymeric 9.18 Chemical Explosives and High-Energy Compounds 9.19 Storage Batteries and Electrochemical Cells 9.19.1 Practical Cells and Batteries 9.20 Generation of High Voltages 9.21 Time Sensors 9.22 Mass Sensors 9.22.1 Two-Pan Balances 9.22.2 Magnetically Damped One-Pan Balances 9.22.3 Load-Cell Balances 9.22.4 Force-Coil Analytical Balances 9.22.5 Thermogravimetric Analyzer (TGA) 9.22.6 Quartz Crystal Microbalance 9.23 Temperature Sensors 9.23.1 Liquid in Glass Thermometers 9.23.2 Platinum Resistance Thermometer 9.23.3 Thermistors 9.23.4 Bolometers 9.23.5 Quartz Crystal Thermometer 9.23.6 Pyrometers 9.24 Pressure Sensors 9.24.1 Mercury Manometer 9.25 Heat Capacities 9.26 Photographic Plates and Films 9.27 Wilson Cloud Chamber and Glaser H2 Bubble Chamber 9.28 Scintillation Counter 9.29 Geiger–Müller Counter 9.30 Proportional Counters 9.31 Spark Chamber 9.32 Photomultipliers 9.33 X-ray Area Detectors (Array Detectors) 9.34 X-ray and Infrared Fluoroscopy and Image Intensifiers 9.35 Direct Semiconductor Detectors 9.36 Charge-Coupled Devices 9.37 Photoelectric Cells 9.38 Interferometers 9.39 Superconducting Quantum Interference Device Magnetometers 9.40 Absorption Wavemeter 9.41 Magnetometers 9.42 Voltage Sensors 9.43 Slits and Bandwidth 9.44 Noise 9.45 Phase-Sensitive Detection or Lock-in Amplifiers 9.46 Heterodyne Detection 9.47 Derivative Detection References Chapter 10 Instruments 10.0 Introduction 10.1 Physical Separations: Fractional Crystallization and Distillation 10.2 Chromatography 10.3 Biochemical Synthesizers and Polymerase Chain Reaction 10.4 Elemental Analysis 10.5 Mass Spectrometry 10.5.1 Application (Developed by C. Cassady): Analysis of Peptides by MALDI/TOF-MS 10.5.2 Application: Ionization and Electron Affinity 10.5.3 Combination Instruments 10.6 Optical and Electron Microscopy 10.7 Scanned Probe Microscopies: STM, AFM, MFM, and LFM 10.8 X-ray Diffraction of Ordered Crystals, Liquids, and Disordered Solids 10.8.1 X-ray Scattering and Diffraction Intensities 10.8.2 The Electron Density Function and the “Phase Problem” 10.8.3 Direct Methods 10.8.4 Patterson and Symmetry Superposition Methods 10.8.5 Least-Squares Refinement 10.8.6 Protein Crystallography 10.8.7 Liquids, Gases, and Disordered Solids 10.8.8 Small-Angle Scattering 10.8.9 Diffuse X-ray Scattering 10.8.10 Neutron Diffraction 10.8.11 EXAFS and XANES 10.9 Spectroscopy 10.10 Visible–Ultraviolet (V–UV) Spectroscopy 10.10.1 Polarization of V–UV Absorption 10.10.2 Application: Specular Reflection by Crystal Faces 10.10.3 Optical Conductivity 10.10.4 Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy 10.10.5 Application: First Excited State of Linear Polyenes 10.10.6 Application: Solvatochromism 10.11 Atomic Absorption, Atomic Emission, and Atomic Fluorescence Spectroscopies 10.12 Infrared and Near-Infrared Spectroscopy 10.12.1 FT-IR Advantages 10.13 Raman Spectroscopy 10.14 Inelastic Electron Tunneling Spectroscopy 10.15 Fluorescence Spectroscopy 10.16 Microwave Spectroscopy 10.17 Surface Plasmon Resonance 10.18 X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) and Auger Electron Spectroscopy (AES) 10.19 Magnetic Measurements 10.20 Magnetic Resonance 10.20.1 The Family of Magnetic Resonance Techniques 10.20.2 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) 10.20.3 Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectrometer 10.20.4 The Bloch Equations for Magnetic Resonance 10.20.5 Slow Passage or Equilibrium or Steady-State Solution 10.20.6 Small Magnetic Field: Measurement of T2 10.20.7 Measurement of T2 10.20.8 Measurement of T1 10.20.9 Rapid Passage 10.20.10 Free Induction Decay 10.20.11 Spin-Echo NMR 10.20.12 Selective Saturation 10.20.13 NMR Spectrum of Ethanol 10.20.14 Chemical Shifts in NMR 10.20.15 Multiplets in NMR 10.20.16 Paramagnetism Kills the NMR Spectrum by Broadening 10.20.17 Magnitude of Relaxation Times 10.20.18 NMR in Solids 10.20.19 Magic-Angle Spinning 10.20.20 Multiple-Pulse Narrowing 10.20.21 2D NMR 10.20.22 Derivative Detection of EPR Transition 10.20.23 Stable Free Radicals 10.20.24 g-Tensor 10.20.25 Fine-Structure Splittings in ESR Spectra of Triplet States 10.20.26 Spin Labeling 10.20.27 Nuclear Resonance in Paramagnetic Systems: Knight Shift 10.20.28 Overhauser Effect 10.20.29 Electron–Nucleus Double Resonance (ENDOR) Spectroscopy 10.20.30 Optically Detected Magnetic Resonance (ODMR) 10.20.31 Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR) 10.21 Mössbauer Spectroscopy 10.22 Electrochemical Methods 10.23 Electric Susceptibility 10.24 Nonlinear Optical Properties 10.25 Ellipsometry 10.26 Calorimetry 10.26.1 Reaction Calorimeters 10.26.2 Constant-Pressure Reaction Calorimeters 10.26.3 High-energy Particle Calorimeter References Chapter 11 Inorganic Chemistry and Nanomaterials 11.0 Introduction 11.1 Periodicity, the Discovery and Abundance of the Chemical Elements, and Valences 11.2 Nomenclature 11.3 Ionization Energies 11.4 Expansion of Acid and Base Concepts 11.5 Hard and Soft Acids and Bases 11.6 Eighteen-Electron “Rule” 11.7 Measures of Radii of Atoms and Ions 11.8 Bond Energies 11.9 Ionic Radii as a Function of Coordination Number, and Crystal Lattices 11.10 Structure and Bonding of Transition Metals 11.11 The Virtues of Valence-Bond Theory 11.12 The Virtues of VSEPR Theory 11.13 The Virtues of Crystal Field Theory 11.14 The Virtues of Ligand-Field Theory 11.15 The Virtues of Walsh Diagrams 11.16 Electron Transfer Theory and Mixed Valence 11.17 Mad Romp Through the Periodic Table 11.17.1 From Group 1: Hydrogen 11.17.2 From Group 1: Alkali Metals 11.17.2.1 Flame Test 11.17.3 From Group 2: Alkaline Earths 11.17.4 From Group 2: Calcium 11.17.5 From Group 3: Lanthanoids (La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy) and Actinoids (Ac, Th, Pa, U, Np, Pu, Am, Cm, Bk, Cf, Es, Fm, Md, No, and Lr) 11.17.6 From Group 4: Titanium 11.17.7 From Group 6: Chromium 11.17.8 From Group 6: Manganese 11.17.9 From Group 8: Iron 11.17.10 Ferromagnetism, Antiferromagnetism, and Ferrimagnetism 11.17.10.1 Present Frontier of Flexible Magnetic Media 11.17.11 Single-molecule Magnets (SMMs) 11.17.12 From Group 10: Platinum 11.17.13 From Group 12: Mercury and Superconductivity 11.17.14 From Group 13: Boron 11.17.15 From Group 13: Aluminum 11.17.16 From Group 13: Gallium and Indium 11.17.17 From Group 14: Carbon Allotropes 11.17.18 Cyclic Oxocarbon Anions 11.17.19 Photosynthesis, Oxides of Carbon, and Global Warming 11.17.20 From Group 14: Silicon 11.17.21 From Group 14: Tin 11.17.22 From Group 14: Lead 11.17.23 From Group 15: Pnictogens (N, P, As, Sb, Bi, and Mc) 11.17.24 From Group 15: Nitrogen 11.17.25 From Group 15: Phosphorus 11.17.26 From Group 15: Arsenic 11.17.27 From Group 16: Oxygen 11.17.28 Ozone O3 11.17.28.1 Smog 11.17.29 From Group 16: Sulfur 11.17.30 From Group 16: Polonium 11.17.31 From Group 17: Fluorine 11.17.32 From Group 17: Chlorine 11.17.33 From Group 18: Helium 11.17.34 From Group 18: Argon 11.17.35 From Group 18: Radon 11.17.36 From Group 18: Halides of Noble Gases 11.18 Reactions of Inorganic Complexes 11.19 Organometallics 11.20 Industrial Inorganic Chemistry 11.21 Elements Essential to Human Nutrition 11.22 Nanomaterials 11.23 Nanoparticle Synthesis 11.24 Size Dispersion in Nanoparticles 11.25 Excitons, Plasmons, and Quantum Dots in Semiconducting Nanoparticles References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 12 Organic and Polymer Chemistry and Catalysis 12.0 Introduction 12.1 Structure and Bonding 12.2 Nomenclature 12.3 Functional Groups 12.4 Optical Activity and Enantiomers 12.5 Reactivity of Molecules 12.6 Lewis Acids and Bases, Strong and Weak 12.7 Resonance 12.8 Electron-pair Pushing 12.9 Walsh Diagrams 12.10 Many Ways of Looking at Thermal or Photochemical Cycloadditions 12.10.1 The Diels–Alder Reaction 12.11 Polarity of Solutes and Solvents 12.12 Trends in Acid Dissociation Constants Explained 12.13 Reaction Types 12.14 Compendium of Reaction Types 12.14.1 SN1 (Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular) 12.14.2 SN2 (Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular) 12.14.3 SN1 (Substitution, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular, Allylic Rearrangement) 12.14.4 SN2 (Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular, Allylic Rearrangement) 12.14.5 SE1 (Substitution, Electrophilic, Unimolecular) 12.14.6 SE2 (Substitution, Electrophilic, Bimolecular): E and F are electrophiles 12.14.7 SRN1 (Substitution, Radical, Nucleophilic, Unimolecular) 12.14.8 SH1 (Substitution, Homolytic, Unimolecular) 12.14.9 SH2 (Substitution, Homolytic, Bimolecular) 12.14.10 SN2Ar (also Known as SNAr) (Substitution, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular, Aromatic) 12.14.11 SE2Ar (Substitution, Electrophilic, Bimolecular, Aromatic) 12.14.12 E1 (Elimination, Unimolecular) 12.14.13 E2 (Elimination, Bimolecular) 12.14.14 E1cB (Elimination, Unimolecular, Conjugate Base) 12.14.15 Ei (Elimination, Intramolecular) 12.14.16 AdE2 (Addition, Electrophilic, Bimolecular) 12.14.17 AdN2 (Addition, Nucleophilic, Bimolecular) 12.14.18 AdH2 (Addition, Homolytic, Bimolecular) 12.14.19 E-Ad (Elimination, Addition) 12.14.20 BAc2 (Basic Conditions, Acyl Transfer, Bimolecular) 12.14.21 AAc2 (Acidic Conditions, Acyl Transfer, Bimolecular) 12.15 Molecular Rearrangements 12.16 Organometallic Compounds 12.17 Catalysis 12.17.1 Turnover Number 12.18 Linear Free Energy Relationships 12.19 Retrosynthetic Analysis 12.20 Stable Free Radicals 12.21 Organic Polymers 12.22 Protecting Groups 12.23 Environmental Concerns List of Named Organic Reactions References End-of-Chapter Problems Chapter 13 Biochemistry 13.0 Introduction 13.1 Cells and Cell Walls 13.2 Amino Acids and Oligopeptides 13.3 Peptides and Proteins 13.4 Enzymes 13.5 Chymotrypsin 13.6 Lysozyme 13.7 Carbohydrates and Glycoproteins 13.8 The Immune System 13.9 Nucleotides, Nucleic Acids, DNA, and RNA 13.10 Gene Expression from DNA to RNA Yields Polypeptide Assembly on a Ribosome 13.11 DNA Replication 13.12 DNA Manifold Replication, Clones and the Genome 13.13 Bio-energetics I: AMP, ADP, and ATP 13.14 Bio-energetics II: Anaerobic Glycolysis 13.15 Bio-energetics III: Citric Acid (or Krebs) Cycle 13.16 Vitamins 13.17 Oxidative Phosphorylation 13.18 Photosynthesis and Photophosphorylation 13.19 Neurons, the Nervous System, and the Human Brain 13.20 Parting Thoughts References End-of-Chapter-Problems Index EULA