Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications

Description

Nanomaterials for Environmental Applications offers a comprehensive review of the latest advances in nanomaterials-based technologies for the treatment of emerging contaminants in wastewater. It describes the latest developments in synthesis protocols, including synthesis of different kinds of nanostructure materials using various physical and chemical methods. Discusses the synthesis and characterization of important nanomaterials such as carbon nanostructures, metal and metal oxide nanostructures, polymer nanostructures, and smart 1-3D nanomaterials Presents the latest techniques used in the characterization of nanomaterials Covers environmental applications including the remediation of pollutants in wastewater and water purification and disinfection Examines sources, fate, transport, and ecotoxicology of nanomaterials in the environment Aimed at researchers and industry professionals, this work will be of interest to chemical, environmental, and materials engineers concerned with the application of advanced materials for environmental and water remediation. Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Table of Contents Preface Editors Contributors Chapter 1 Applications of Nanomaterials in Environmental Remediation 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Adsorption 1.3 Photocatalysis 1.4 Chemical Redox Processes 1.4.1 Fenton and Photo-Fenton Processes 1.4.2 Metal-Based Processes 1.5 Future Challenges Acknowledgements References Chapter 2 Multifunctional Nanomaterials for Environmental Remediation 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Electronic Interaction 2.2.1 Charge-Charge Interactions 2.2.2 Charge-Dipole Interactions 2.2.3 Dipole-Dipole Interactions 2.2.4 Charge/Dipole-Induced Dipole Interactions 2.2.5 Interactions between Two Nonpolar Molecules 2.3 Variety of Pollutants 2.4 Environmental Remediation 2.5 Working Principle of Photocatalysis, Photoelectrocatalysis and Adsorption 2.5.1 Photocatalysis 2.5.2 Photoelectrocatalysis 2.5.3 Adsorption 2.6 Various Nanomaterials Used for Environmental Detoxification 2.7 Synthesis Methodologies of Nanomaterials 2.8 Strategies for Improving Photocatalysis 2.8.1 Interface and Defect Engineering 2.8.2 Heterojunction 2.9 TiO[sub(2)] for Photocatalytic Applications 2.10 Environmental Remediation through Photocatalysis 2.11 Environmental Remediation Through Photoelectrocatalysis 2.12 Heavy Metals 2.13 Factors Affecting Photocatalysis and Catalysis 2.14 Faceted Nanomaterials 2.15 Miscellaneous Catalysts 2.15.1 Magnetic Catalysts 2.15.2 Round-the-Clock Catalysts 2.15.3 Upconversion and Downconversion Catalysts 2.15.4 Supported Catalysts and Their Applications 2.16 Air Pollution 2.17 Future Prospects Annexure References Special Acknowledgements Chapter 3 Carbon Nanotubes in Wastewater Remediation 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Features of CNTs 3.3 Synthesis and Functionalization of CNTs 3.3.1 Laser Ablation Technique 3.3.2 Arc Discharge Technique 3.3.3 Chemical Vapour Deposition (CVD) Technique 3.3.4 Functionalization of CNTs 3.3.5 Fabrication of CNT-Reinforced Metal Matrix Composites (CNT-MMCs) 3.3.6 Microwave-Assisted Fabrication of CNTs 3.3.7 Fabrication of CNT Membranes 3.3.7.1 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes/Porous Alumina (PA) Composite Membrane 3.3.7.2 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotubes–Nanoporous Anodic Alumina Membranes (CNTs-NAAMs) 3.3.7.3 Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Membranes from Non-Degradable Plastic Bags 3.4 CNTs for Removal of Heavy Metals from Wastewater 3.4.1 Lead 3.4.2 Arsenic 3.4.3 Mercury 3.4.4 Chromium 3.5 CNTs for Removal of Organic Pollutants from Wastewater 3.5.1 Removal of Monoaromatic Pollutants 3.5.2 Removal of Pharmaceutical and Personal Care Products by CNTs 3.5.3 Graphene-CNT Aerogels for Oil Removal from Water 3.6 Conclusions and Future Prospects Appendix 1 Appendix 2 Appendix 3 Appendix 4 Appendix 5 Appendix 6 Appendix 7 References Chapter 4 Polymer-Based Hybrid Adsorbents for Water Remediation 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Overview of Polymer-Based Hybrid Adsorbents 4.3 Preparation and Chemical Modifications 4.4 Applications in Water Remediation 4.5 Dyes and Organic Compounds 4.6 Heavy Metal Removal 4.7 Microbes and Bacteria 4.8 Adsorption Behaviour 4.8.1 Isotherm 4.9 Kinetics 4.10 Thermodynamics 4.11 Regeneration 4.12 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 5 Magnetic Nanomaterials for Wastewater Remediation Abbreviations 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Magnetic Nanomaterials 5.3 Types of Magnetic Nanomaterials 5.3.1 Oxides/Ferrites 5.3.2 Modification of MNMs 5.4 Methods for the Synthesis of Magnetic Nanomaterials 5.4.1 Sol-Gel Method 5.4.2 Hydrothermal Method 5.4.3 Co-Precipitation Method 5.4.4 Microemulsion Method 5.4.5 Sonochemical Method 5.5 Applications of Magnetic Nanomaterials in Wastewater Remediation 5.5.1 Magnetic Nanomaterials as Adsorbents 5.5.1.1 Doping with Metals and Their Oxides 5.5.1.2 Surfactant Coating 5.5.1.3 Polymer Coating 5.5.2 Oil/Water Separation Using Magnetic Nanomaterials 5.5.3 Magnetic Nanomaterials as Catalysts 5.5.4 Other Applications 5.5.4.1 Removal of Microbes 5.5.4.2 Organic Pollutants 5.6 Separation and Regeneration of Magnetic Nanomaterials 5.7 Toxicity of Magnetic Nanomaterials 5.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 6 Alumina-Based Adsorbents 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Alumina as an Adsorbent 6.2.1 Alumina Activation and Efficiency 6.3 Modification of Alumina-Based Adsorbents 6.4 Alumina-Based Adsorbents for Adsorptive Removal of Heavy Metals 6.5 Alumina-Based Metal-Organic Framework Adsorbents 6.5.1 Characteristics 6.5.2 Mechanism Involved in Adsorption 6.6 Alumina-Based Nanoadsorbents for Dye Removal 6.6.1 Dyes and Their Toxic Effects 6.6.2 ϓ-Phase Alumina Adsorbents 6.7 Industrial Applications of Alumina 6.8 Conclusions and Future Prospects References Chapter 7 Silica Nanomaterials for Water Remediation 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Properties of Silica 7.3 Nanomaterials 7.4 Silica Nanomaterials 7.5 Synthesis Routes of Silica Nanomaterials 7.5.1 Chemical Synthesis of Silica Nanomaterials 7.5.2 Biological Synthesis of Silica Nanomaterials 7.6 Silica Nanomaterials for Water Remediation 7.6.1 Surface Modification of Silica Nanomaterials for Improved Adsorption 7.6.2 Silica Nanocomposites for Metal Ions Adsorption 7.6.3 Silica Nanomaterials for Removal of Organic Pollutants (Dyes/Pharmaceuticals) 7.7 Future Prospects and Challenges 7.8 Conclusions References Chapter 8 Aluminosilicate-Based Adsorbents for Removal of Water Contaminants: Advanced Statistical Physics Models 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Aluminosilicate Minerals 8.2.1 Organic Matter-Rich Clay (Black Clay) 8.2.2 Serpentine 8.2.3 Muscovite 8.2.4 Cancrinite 8.2.5 Weathered Basalt 8.3 Modification Process 8.4 Adsorption Process 8.5 Equilibrium Study 8.6 Statistical Physics Analysis 8.7 Physicochemical Parameters 8.7.1 Steric Parameters 8.7.2 The Energetic Parameters (?) 8.8 Thermodynamic Functions 8.9 Interpretation of Steric and Energetic Parameters 8.9.1 Steric Parameters 8.9.2 Energetic Parameters 8.10 Thermodynamic Functions 8.11 Conclusions and Future Research Acknowledgements References Chapter 9 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials for Water Disinfection 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Antimicrobial Nanomaterials 9.3 Classes of Antimicrobial Nanomaterials 9.3.1 Metals and Metal Oxides 9.3.1.1 General Mechanisms 9.3.1.2 Types of Metals and Metal Oxides 9.3.2 Semiconductor Photocatalysts 9.3.3 Carbon Nanostructures 9.3.3.1 Fullerene 9.3.3.2 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 9.3.3.3 Graphene 9.3.4 Polymeric Materials 9.3.4.1 Polymers with Antimicrobial Activity 9.3.4.2 Polymers that Undergo Chemical Modifications to Achieve Antimicrobial Activity 9.3.5 Bio-Based Nanomaterials 9.3.6 Aerogels 9.4 Nanomaterial-Based Processes for Water Disinfection 9.4.1 Photocatalysis 9.4.1.1 Mechanisms 9.4.2 Nanomembranes 9.4.2.1 Mechanisms 9.4.3 Direct Application 9.4.3.1 Mechanisms 9.5 Limitations and Future Perspectives 9.5.1 Environment 9.5.2 Health Impacts 9.5.3 Scale-Up 9.5.4 Applicability 9.5.5 Size of Nanomaterials 9.5.6 Cost of Nanomaterials 9.6 Conclusions References Chapter 10 Soil Remediation: Application of Nanoparticles 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Types of Nanoparticles Used in Soil Remediation Process 10.3 Applications of Carbon Nanoparticles in Soil Remediation 10.4 Applications of Metal Oxide Nanoparticles in Soil Remediation 10.5 Applications of Zero-Valent Iron Nanoparticles in Soil Remediation 10.6 Conclusions References Chapter 11 Nanomaterials for Air Purification : Advances and Challenges 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Nanotechnology and Nanomaterials 11.2.1 Definition, Classification and Production of Nanomaterials 11.2.2 Common Nanomaterials Used for Air Purification 11.2.2.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) 11.2.2.2 Nanozeolites 11.2.2.3 Titanium Dioxide (TiO[sub(2)]) 11.2.2.4 Zinc Oxide 11.2.2.5 Metal-Organic Frameworks 11.3 Technologies of Air Purification Using Nanomaterials 11.3.1 Membrane Air Filtration 11.3.2 Photocatalysis 11.3.3 Adsorption 11.3.4 Nanosensors 11.4 Nanotechnology for Prevention of COVID-19 11.4.1 SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 11.4.2 Masks and Filters 11.4.3 Surface Treatments 11.5 Conclusions References Chapter 12 Nanomaterials in the Environment: Sources, Fate, Transport and Ecotoxicology 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Sources 12.2.1 Classes of Nanomaterials 12.2.2 Nanomaterials in Air, Water and Soil 12.3 Release, Transport, Behaviour and Fate of Nanomaterials in the Environment 12.3.1 Exposure Pathways of Nanomaterials into the Environment 12.3.2 Nanomaterials Transformation Processes in the Environment 12.4 Environmental Risk Assessment of Nanomaterials 12.4.1 Hazard Assessment 12.4.2 Dose-Response Assessment 12.4.3 Exposure Assessment 12.4.4 Risk Characterization 12.5 Ecotoxicity 12.5.1 Ecotoxicity of Nanomaterials on Microbes, Amphibians and Crustaceans 12.5.2 Potential Mechanisms of Ecotoxicity 12.5.3 Environmental Regulations/Legislation for Nanomaterials 12.6 Conclusions Acknowledgements References Index