Kannada (Descriptive Grammars Series)

Description

Acknowledgements Introduction Key to Abbreviations Map 1 SYNTAX 1.1 GENERAL QUESTIONS 1.1.1 Sentence types 1.1.1.1 Direct speech and indirect speech 1.1.1.2 Interrogatives 1.1.1.2.1 Yes-no questions 1.1.1.2.2 Question word questions 1.1.1.2.3 Echo questions 1.1.1.2.4 Answers 1.1.1.3 Imperatives 1.1.1.3.1 Positive imperative 1.1.1.3.1.1 Possible person-number combinations 1.1.1.3.1.2 Degrees of imperative 1.1.1.3.2 Negative imperative ("prohibitive") 1.1.2 Subordinate clauses 1.1.2.1 General markers of subordination 1.1.2.2 Noun clauses 1.1.2.2.1 Marking of noun clauses 1.1.2.2.2 Types of noun clauses 1.1.2.2.2.1 Finite noun phrase complements 1.1.2.2.2.2 Nonfinite noun phrase complements 1.1.2.2.2.3 Finite verbal complements 1.1.2.2.2.4 Nonfinite verbal complements 1.1.2.2.3 Indirect statements 1.1.2.2.4 Indirect questions 1.1.2.2.5 Indirect commands 1.1.2.2.6 Nonfinite clauses 1.1.2.3 Adjective clauses (relative clauses) 1.1.2.3.1 Markingsentential relative clause 1.1.2.3.2 Restrictive and nonrestrictive relative clauses 1.1.2.3.3 Position of the head noun 1.1.2.3.4 Relativized element 1.1.2.3.5 Position of relativized element 1.1.2.3.7 Elements of the sentence that can be relativized 1.1.2.4 Adverb clauses 1.1.2.4.1 Marking and position 1.1.2.4.2 Marking of adverb clauses 1.1.2.4.2.1 Adverb clauses of time 1.1.2.4.2.2 Manner 1.1.2.4.2.3 Purpose 1.1.2.4.2.4 Cause 1.1.2.4.2.5 Condition 1.1.2.4.2.6 Result 1.1.2.4.2.7 Degree 1.1.2.4.3 Nonfinite adverb clauses 1.1.2.5 Sequence of tense phenomena 1.2 STRUCTURAL QUESTIONS 1.2.1 Internal structure of the sentence 1.2.1.1 Copular sentences 1.2.1.2 Verbal sentences 1.2.1.3 Adverbials 1.2.2 Adjective phrases 1.2.2.1 Definition 1.2.2.2 Arguments taken by adjectives 1.2.2.3 Adverbial modification of adjectives 1.2.3 Adverbial phrases 1.2.3.1 Definition 1.2.3.2 Adverbial modifiers of adverbials 1.2.4 Postpositional phrases 1.2.4.1-3 Definition, arguments, and modifiers of PPS 1.2.4.4 Cases governed by postpositions 1.2.5 Noun phrase (nominal constituent) 1.2.5.1 Definition 1.2.5.2 Modifiers in noun phrases 1.2.5.3-4 Co-occurrence and combination of modifiers 1.2.5.5 Order of the head and modifiers in noun phrase 1.3 COORDINATION 1.3.1.1 Coordinating sentences 1.3.1.1.1 "and"-coordination 1.3.1.1.2 "but"-coordination 1.3.1.1.3 "or"-coordination 1.3.1.2 Number of coordinators 1.3.1.3-4 Coordination of major categories 1.3.1.5 Structural parallelism in coordination 1.3.2.1 Elements of the sentence that can be omitted under identity in coordination 1.4 NEGATION 1.4.1 Sentence negation 1.4.1.1 Negation as a finite verb 1.4.1.2 Negation in modals 1.4.1.3 Negation and tense 1.4.2 Constituent negation 1.4.3 Multiple negatives 1.4.4 Negation and coordination 1.4.5 Negative "raising" 1.4.6 Universal negation 1.5 ANAPHORA 1.5.1 Means of expressing anaphora 1.5.1.1-2 Deletion 1.5.1.3 Personal pronouns 1.5.1.4 Reflexive pronoun 1.5.1.5 Special anaphoric pronouns 1.5.2 Anaphora in different syntactic contexts 1.5.2.1 Anaphora within the clause 1.5.2.2 Anaphora in coordinate structures 1.6 REFLEXIVES 1.6.1 Means of expressing reflexivity 1.6.2 Scope of reflexivity 1.6.3 Antecedent of the affixal reflexive 1.6.4 Position of the reflexive pronoun 1.6.5 Relations between antecedent and reflexive 1.6.6 Reflexive relations within nominalized clauses 1.6.7 Reflexive relations within ordinary noun phrases 1.6.8 Reflexives without overt antecedents 1.6.9 Other uses of reflexive forms 1.7 RECIPROCALS 1.8 COMPARISON 1.8.1 Means of expressing comparison 1.8.2-4 Elements that are omitted under identity 1.8.5 Two types of comparative structure 1.8.6 Correlative comparison 1.8.7 Superlative 1.9 EQUATIVES 1.10 POSSESSION 1.10.1 Sentence types expressing possession 1.10.2 Alienable and inalienable possession 1.10.3 Temporary and permanent possession 1.10.4-5 Possession of different types of entities 1.11 EMPHASIS 1.11.1 Sentence emphasis 1.11.1.1 Noncontradictory sentence emphasis 1.11.1.2 Contradictory sentence emphasis 1.11.2 Constituent emphasis 1.11.2.1 Means of expressing constituent emphasis 1.11.2.2 Elements that can be emphasized 1.11.3 Focus of yes-no questions 1.12 TOPIC 1.12.1 Means of indicating topic of a sentence 1.12.1.1 Particles 1.12.1.2 Movement without dislocation 1.12.1.3 Dislocation 1.12.2 Elements that can be topicalized 1.12.3 Optional/obligatory status of topicalization 1.13 HEAVY SHIFT 1.13.1 Heavy shift processes 1.13.2 Structures subject to heavy shift 1.13.3 Landing sites of heavy structures 1.13.5 Heavy shift with elements adjacent to complementizers 1.14 OTHER MOVEMENT PROCESSES 1.15 MINOR SENTENCE TYPES 1.15.1 Vocatives 1.15.2 Exclamations 1.15.3 Greetings 1.15.4 Topic questions 1.15.5 Short answers 1.15.6 Gerund sentences 1.15.7 Nonchalant expressions 1.16 OPERATIONAL DEFINITIONS FOR WORD-CLASSES 1.16.1 Noun 1.16.2 Pronoun 1.16.3 Verb 1.16.4 Adjective 1.16.5 Postposition 1.16.6 Numeral and quantifier 1.16.7 Particle 2 MORPHOLOGY 2.1 INFLECTION 2.1.1 Noun inflection 2.1.1.1 Expressing the syntactic and semantic functions of noun phrases 2.1.1.2 Expression of syntactic functions 2.1.1.3 Syntactic functions in nonfinite or nominalized constructions 2.1.1.4 Nonlocal semantic functions 2.1.1.4 Nonlocal semantic functions 2.1.1.5 Local semantic functions 2.1.1.6 Location in time 2.1.1.7 Double case-marking 2.1.1.8 The number-marking system in nouns 2.1.1.9 Gender 2.1.1.10 Definiteness marking in noun phrases 2.1.1.11 Indefiniteness marking on noun phrases 2.1.1.12 Referential and nonreferential indefiniteness 2.1.1.13 Genericness 2.1.1.14 Degree of importance of actors 2.1.2 Pronouns 2.1.2.1 Personal pronouns 2.1.2.2 Reflexive pronouns 2.1.2.3 Reciprocal pronouns 2.1.2.4 Possessive pronouns 2.1.2.5 Demonstrative pronouns 2.1.2.6 Interrogative pronouns 2.1.2.7 Relative pronouns 2.1.3 Verb morphology 2.1.3.1 Voice 2.1.3.2 Tense 2.1.3.3 Aspect 2.1.3.4 Mood 2.1.3.5 Finite and nonfinite forms 2.1.3.6 Agreement 2.1.4 Adjectives 2.1.4.1 Attributive and predicative adjectives 2.1.5 Postpositions 2.1.6 Numerals/quantifiers 2.1.6.1-2 Forms of numerals used for counting 2.1.6.3 Distinct numeral forms 2.1.6.4-5 Ordinal numerals 2.1.6.6 Quantifiers 2.1.7 Adverbs 2.1.7.1 Comparison 2.1.7.2 Degrees of a quality 2.1.8 Clitics 2.1.8.1 Types of clitic elements 2.1.8.2 Positions occupied by clitics 2.1.8.3 Relative order of clitics 2.2 DERIVATIONAL MORPHOLOGY 2.2.1 Derivation of nouns 2.2.1.1 Nouns from nouns 2.2.1.2 Nouns from verbs 2.2.1.3 Nouns from adjectives 2.2.1.4 Nouns from adverbs 2.2.2 Derivation of verbs 2.2.2.1 Verbs from nouns 2.2.2.2 Verbs from verbs 2.2.2.3 Verbs from adjectives 2.2.2.4 Verbs from adverbs 2.2.3 Derivation of adjectives 2.2.3.1 Adjectives from nouns 2.2.3.2 Adjectives from verbs 2.2.3.3 Adjectives from adjectives 2.2.3.4 Adjectives from adverbs 2.2.4 Derivation of adverbs 2.2.4.1 Adverbs from nouns 2.2.4.2 Adverbs from verbs 2.2.4.3 Adverbs from adjectives 2.2.4.4 Adverbs from adverbs 2.2.5 Other possibilities 2.2.6 Derivation of postpositions 2.2.6.1 Complex postpositions 2.2.6.2 Simple derived postpositions 2.2.6.3 Compound morphology 2.2.6.3.1 Nouns 2.2.6.3.2 Verbs 2.2.6.3.3 Other classes of compounds 2.2.6.3.4 Hybrid compounds 3 PHONOLOGY 3.1 PHONOLOGICAL UNITS (SEGMENTAL) 3.1.1 Distinctive segments 3.1.2 Description of distinctive segments 3.1.2.1 Nonsyllabics (consonants) 3.1.2.2 Syllabics 3.1.2.3 Restriction of segments to loanwords 3.1.2.4 Restriction of segments to word classes 3.2 PHONOTACTICS 3.2.1 Distribution of segments 3.2.1.1 Occurrence of word-final consonants 3.2.1.2 Occurrence of word-initial consonants 3.2.2 Distribution of consonant clusters 3.2.2.1 Occurrence of consonant clusters 3.2.2.2 Possible consonant clusters 3.2.3 Distribution of vowels 3.2.3.1 Occurrence of word-final vowels 3.2.3.2 Occurrence of word-initial vowels 3.2.3.3 Sequences of syllabic vowels 3.2.4 Structure of lexical morphemes 3.2.5 Syllables 3.2.5.1 Assignment of medial clusters to syllables 3.2.5.2 Canonical syllable type 3.2.6 Restrictions between consonants and vowels 3.2.6.1 Restrictions between syllable-initial units and following vowels 3.2.6.2 Restrictions between word/syllable-final units and preceding vowels 3.2.6.3 Restrictions between syllable-initial and syllable-final units 3.2.6.4 Vowel harmony 3.2.6.5 Consonant harmony 3.2.6.6 Other restrictions 3.2.6.7 Phonotactic patterns in different word classes 3.3 SUPRASEGMENTALS 3.3.1 Distinctive degrees of length 3.3.1.1-2 Vowels 3.3.1.3 Semivowels 3.3.1.4 Liquids 3.3.1.5 Nasals 3.3.1.6 Fricatives 3.3.1.7 Stops and affricates 3.3.2 Stress 3.3.3 Pitch 3.3.4 Intonation 3.3.4.1 Major intonation patterns 3.4 MORPHOPHONOLOGY 3.4.1 Alternations 3.4.1.1 Assimilatory processes 3.4.1.2 Dissimilatory processes 3.4.1.3 Other alternations between segments 3.4.2 Metathesis 3.4.3 Coalescence and split 3.4.4 Deletion and insertion 3.4.4.1 Deletion processes 3.4.4.2 Insertion processes 3.4.5 Reduplication 3.5 MORPHOPHONOLOGY (SUPRASEGMENTAL) 4 IDEOPHONES AND INTERJECTIONS 4.1 IDEOPHONES 4.2 INTERJECTIONS 5 LEXICON 5.1 STRUCTURED SEMANTIC FIELDS 5.1.1 Kinship terminology 5.1.1.1 Kin related by blood 5.1.1.2 Kin by partial blood 5.1.1.3 Kin by marriage 5.1.1.4 Kin by adoption 5.1.1.5 Kin by fostering 5.1.2 Color terminology 5.1.3 Body parts 5.1.4 Cooking terminology 5.1.4.1 Typical dishes 5.1.4.2 Cooking techniques 5.2 BASIC VOCABULARY BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX