Advances in Clean Energy Technologies: Select Proceedings of ICET 2020

Description

This book presents select proceedings of the international conference on Innovations in Clean Energy Technologies (ICET 2020) and examines a range of durable, energy efficient and next-generation smart green technologies for sustainable future by reflecting on the trends, advances and development taking place all across the globe. The topics covered include smart technologies based product, energy efficient systems, solar and wind energy, carbon sequestration, green transportation, green buildings, energy material, biomass energy, smart cites, hydro power, bio-energy and fuel cell. The book also discusses various performance attributes of these clean energy technologies and their workability and carbon footprint. The book will be a valuable reference for beginners, researchers and professionals interested in clean energy technologies. Preface About This Book Contents About the Editors 1 Experimental Investigation of Domestic Refrigerator Used as an Air Conditioner by Augmentation Method 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Experimental Methodology 1.2.1 Experimental Setup for Case-1 1.2.2 Experimental Setup for Case-2 1.3 Result and Discussion 1.4 Conclusion References 2 Stabilizing Molten Salts Through Additives for High Temperature CSP Applications 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Experimental Setup and Procedure 2.3 Results and Discussion 2.4 Conclusion References 3 Impact of Various Heterogeneous Catalysts on the Production of Biodiesel 3.1 Introduction 3.1.1 The Impact of Heterogeneous Catalyst on Biodiesel Production 3.1.2 Solid Base Catalyst 3.1.3 Solid Acid Catalysts 3.1.4 Enzymatic Catalysts 3.2 Conclusion References 4 Investigations on the Use of Molten Oxides for High Temperature Heat Transfer in Solar Power Plants 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Materials and Methods 4.2.1 Preparation of Oxide Mixtures 4.2.2 Viscosity Measurement 4.2.3 Thermogravimetric Analysis 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.4 Conclusion References 5 Non-invasive Measurement of Oxygenated Hemoglobin (SpO2) and Blood Pressure 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Measurement Principles 5.2.1 Methods 5.3 Results 5.4 Conclusion References 6 Investigation and Simulation of Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic System 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Problem and Challenges in Solar PV System 6.2.1 High Investment 6.2.2 Need for New Business Model (Good Incentives for People to Buy Rooftop Solar PV) 6.2.3 Snail Trail Effect 6.3 Design Methodology 6.3.1 On-Grid PV Array Sizing 6.3.2 Shadow Analysis 6.4 Major System Components and Input Parameters of the Components 6.5 Calculations for 124.8 kW Plant 6.5.1 Basic Calculations 6.5.2 Return of Investment Calculations 6.5.3 Percentage of Money Saved on Electricity Bill on Average by Solar Energy 6.6 Design of 124.8 kW PV System. 6.6.1 Orientation 6.7 Results and Discussion 6.7.1 Balances and Main Result 6.7.2 Loss Diagram 6.7.3 Normalized Production 6.7.4 Shadow Analysis 6.7.5 Emissions Saved 6.7.6 Economic and Cost Analysis 6.8 Conclusion References 7 Wood Plastic Composite: Emerging Material for an Environmental Safety—A Review 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Literature Survey 7.2.1 Waste Recycling to Form Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.2.2 Effect of Filler Addition on Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.2.3 Effect of Filler Size on Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.2.4 Effect of Processing Parameters on Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.2.5 Effect of Various Coupling Agents on Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.2.6 Effect of Various Additives on Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.2.7 Effect of Various Treatments on Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.2.8 FTIR Analysis of Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 7.3 Conclusion References 8 Selection of Heat Exchanger Based on Performance and Applications for Efficient Heat Transfer 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Some Applications of Common HEs 8.3 Techniques for Enhancing Heat Transfer 8.3.1 Passive Technique 8.3.2 Active Technique 8.4 Different Fin Configuration Design Effects on Thermal Performance 8.5 Fin Spacing Effects on Thermal Performance 8.6 Waffle Height Effects on Thermal Performance 8.6.1 Effect of Waffle Height and Thickness 8.6.2 Finned-Tube Pattern Effects 8.7 Finned-Tube’s Pattern Configuration Effects on Thermal Performance 8.8 Effects of Using Nanofluids and Twisted Tape Insert in HEs 8.9 Conclusions References 9 Review on Conventional and Advanced Sliding Mode Control Schemes for Uncertain Dynamic System 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Conventional SMC 9.2.1 Classical SMC 9.2.2 PID-SMC 9.2.3 FOPID-SMC 9.2.4 Fuzzy FOPID-SMC 9.3 Advanced Fractional-Order Adaptive Fuzzy SMC 9.4 Conclusion References 10 Modeling and Simulation of a Spiral Type Hybrid Photovoltaic Thermal (PV/T) Water Collector Using ANSYS 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Methodology 10.3 Model Description 10.4 Condition and Operating Parameters 10.5 Results and Discussion 10.6 Validation 10.7 Conclusions References 11 Development of Correlation for Efficiency of Incineration Plants Using Deep Neural Network Model 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Methodology 11.2.1 Data Collection 11.2.2 Model Formulation 11.2.3 Model Description 11.3 Results and Discussion 11.4 Conclusion References 12 Smart Grid Initiatives Towards Sustainable Development: Indian and Worldwide Scenario 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Smart Grid Framework: Policy Initiatives and Measures Undertaken (Indian Scenario) 12.3 Smart Grid Framework: Policy Initiatives and Measures Undertaken (Worldwide Scenario) 12.4 Conclusion References 13 Development and Performance Analysis of Pine Needle Based Downdraft Gasifier System 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Experimental Setup 13.3 Results and Discussions 13.4 Conclusions References 14 Indian Energy Scenario and Smart Grid Development 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Present Energy Scenario in India 14.3 Energy Policy-Making Institutional Framework in India 14.4 Smart Grid System Prospects in India 14.5 Future Outlook References 15 Applications of Machine Learning in Harnessing of Renewable Energy 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Machine Learning 15.3 Machine Learning in Wind Energy 15.3.1 Application of ML in Wind Energy 15.4 Machine Learning in Geothermal Energy 15.4.1 Application of ML in Geothermal Field 15.5 Machine Learning in Solar Energy 15.6 Machine Learning in Wave Energy 15.6.1 Application of ML in Wave Energy 15.7 Conclusion References 16 Optimization of Tilt Angles for Solar Devices to Gain Maximum Solar Energy in Indian Climate 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Methodology 16.2.1 Solar Radiation 16.3 Result and Discussion 16.4 Conclusion References 17 A Novel Concept of ‘Parapet Farming’ Using ‘Living Chain’ Hanging System Integrated with Drip Irrigation Technique 17.1 Introduction 17.2 Urban Agriculture and Rooftop Farming 17.2.1 Existing Challenges 17.3 Concept of ‘Vertical Farming’/‘Vertical Gardening’ 17.4 Our Concept 17.4.1 Experiment 17.4.2 Salient Features of the Project Establishing Its Uniqueness 17.4.3 Limitations 17.5 Future Scope and Conclusion References 18 Implementation of Control Strategy for PV-Powered Switched Reluctance Motor Drive for Pumping Applications 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Framework of Proposed System 18.3 Control Strategies Implemented 18.3.1 MPPT Control Algorithm 18.3.2 Direct Torque Control 18.3.3 Bidirectional Power Flow Control 18.4 Proposed System Design 18.4.1 Solar PV Array 18.4.2 Boost Converter Design 18.4.3 Modelling and Design of SRM 18.5 Simulation Results 18.6 Epilogue References 19 Experimental Investigation of Equilateral Triangle-Shaped Solar Air Heater with Two Blackened Absorber Surfaces 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Experimental Setup 19.3 Data Reduction 19.3.1 Data Reduction for Efficiency 19.4 Computational Domain and Meshing 19.5 Result and Discussion 19.6 CFD Results 19.7 Conclusion References 20 Experimental Investigation, Exergy Analysis, and CFD Simulation of Solar Air Heater Roughened with Artificial V-Shaped Ribs on Absorber Surface Artificial Roughness on Absorber Plate 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Experimental Set up 20.3 Data Reduction 20.3.1 Efficiency Analysis 20.3.2 CFD Simulation 20.4 Result and Discussion 20.4.1 Experimental Result 20.4.2 CFD Results and Plots 20.5 Conclusion References 21 Energy Generation and Management for Rural Areas of Rajasthan Through Solar Photovoltaic System 21.1 Introduction 21.2 Estimation of Daily Global Radiation at Horizontal Surface Methodology 21.3 Estimation of Daily Global Radiation at Tilted Surface Methodology 21.3.1 Average Daily Global Radiation at Tilted Surface 21.3.2 Calculation of Ht 21.4 Cost Estimation and Formulation of Model Equation 21.4.1 Cost Estimation 21.5 Result Analysis 21.6 System Estimation Design and Potential Estimation of Energy Source 21.6.1 Load Estimation and Module Design of Padla Village 21.7 Conclusions References 22 Analyzing Effects of Camber and Its Position on Various Parameters in NACA Designated Aerofoil Blades Under Dynamic Similarity 22.1 Introduction 22.2 Methodology and Problem Setup 22.2.1 Mathematical Model 22.2.2 K-omega SST Model: 22.3 Results and Discussions 22.4 Conclusions References 23 Design of Closed-Loop Control of a Three-Phase Sine Wave Inverter Using High Gain DC–DC Converter for Renewable Energy Applications 23.1 Introduction 23.2 System Configuration and Control Strategy 23.2.1 Configuration of Converter 23.2.2 Configuration of Inverter 23.3 Simulink Model of the Proposed System 23.3.1 Simulink Model of Converter 23.3.2 Simulink Model of Inverter 23.4 Observations 23.5 Conclusion References 24 Effect of the Cool Roof on the Indoor Temperature in a Non-conditioned Building of Hot–Dry Climate 24.1 Introduction 24.2 Analysis 24.3 Results and Discussion 24.4 Conclusion References 25 Comparison Analysis of Maximum Power Point Tracking Techniques for a Solar Photovoltaic System 25.1 Introduction 25.2 Solar Photovoltaic System 25.3 Mathematical Modeling of Equations Involved in a PV System 25.4 Modeling of DC to DC Convertor 25.4.1 Modeling of Boost Converter in Simulink 25.5 MPPT Technique 25.5.1 Perturb and Observe MPPT Algorithm 25.5.2 Incremental Conductance Algorithm 25.6 Modeling and Simulation of P&O MPPT Controller 25.7 Modeling and Simulation of INC MPPT Controller 25.8 Result and Discussions 25.9 Conclusion References 26 Effect on Solar PV Panel Performance Due to Varying Latitude in Northern Hemisphere 26.1 Introduction 26.2 Methodology 26.2.1 Simulation Software’s 26.3 Simulation Results 26.4 Seasonal Tilt Angle 26.5 Conclusion References 27 Vibration Analysis of Rotating Machines: A Case Study 27.1 Introduction 27.2 FFT Analyzer 27.2.1 FFT Tools 27.2.2 FFT Terminology 27.2.3 Process 27.3 Case 27.4 Specifications 27.5 Observations 27.5.1 Overall Vibration Level 27.5.2 Spectra at Different Points 27.6 Results and Discussion 27.7 Conclusion References 28 Estimation of Energy Generation and Daylight Availability for Optimum Solar Cell Packing Factor of Building Integrated Semitransparent Photovoltaic Skylight 28.1 Introduction 28.2 Method and Calculation 28.3 Result and Discussion 28.4 Conclusion References 29 Optimal Design and Techno-Economic Analysis of a Microgrid for Community Load Applications 29.1 Introduction 29.2 Methodology Used for the Analysis 29.2.1 Locations and Weather Conditions of the Selected Site 29.2.2 Schematic Diagram of the Proposed System 29.2.3 Solar Array 29.2.4 Wind Turbine 29.2.5 Power Inverter 29.2.6 Utility Grid 29.2.7 Diesel Generator 29.3 Financial Matrices 29.4 Result and Discussions 29.4.1 Autonomous Mode of Operation 29.4.2 Grid-Connected Mode 29.4.3 Sensitivity Analysis 29.4.4 Optimum Sizing of the System 29.4.5 Future Scope 29.5 Conclusions References 30 Effectiveness of Homogeneous and Heterogeneous Catalyst on Biodiesel Yield: A Review 30.1 Introduction 30.2 Effect of Heterogeneous Catalyst on Transesterification 30.3 Effect of Homogeneous Catalyst on Transesterification 30.4 Conclusion References 31 Experimental Analysis of a Generator Set Operating on Di Diesel Fuel and Ethanol Fumigation at Different Loads 31.1 Introduction 31.2 Materials and Methods 31.2.1 Engine Setup 31.2.2 Uncertainty Analysis 31.3 Engine Operation Conditions and Experimental Test Procedure 31.4 Results and Discussions 31.4.1 Total Specific Consumption 31.4.2 Global Thermal Efficiency 31.4.3 Exhaust Gas Temperature 31.4.4 Smoke Opacity 31.4.5 Carbon Monoxide Emissions 31.4.6 NOx Emissions 31.5 Conclusion References 32 Optimizing the Yield of Biodiesel Made from Waste Soybean Oil by Varying the Temperatures and Volumetric Ratios of Oil and Methanol 32.1 Introduction 32.2 Transesterification Process 32.3 Types of Transesterification Process 32.3.1 Acid-Catalyzed Reactions 32.3.2 Base-Catalyzed Reactions 32.3.3 Lipase Based Reactions 32.3.4 Difference Between Esterification and Transesterification 32.4 Factors Influencing Biodiesel Production 32.4.1 The Molar Ratio of Oil and Alcohol 32.4.2 Effect of Temperature 32.4.3 Effect of Reaction Time 32.4.4 Effect of Catalyst Concentration 32.4.5 Free Fatty Acid and Moisture Content 32.5 Experimentation 32.5.1 Titration of Oil Sample 32.5.2 Process of Transesterification 32.5.3 Separation and Washing 32.6 Observation and Results 32.7 Conclusions References 33 Smart Agricultural Robot with Real-Time Data Analysis Using IBM Watson Cloud Platform 33.1 Introduction 33.2 Objective 33.3 Related Work 33.4 Proposed Novel Methodology 33.5 Integrated Sensors of Agrobot 33.6 IBM Watson Cloud Platform 33.7 Agrobot Prototype 33.8 Results 33.8.1 Integrating Sensors to IBM Watson Platform 33.8.2 Real-Time Data Analysis on IBM Watson 33.8.3 Data Flow from Sensors to Database on Node Red Tool 33.8.4 Data Storage in Cloudant Database 33.8.5 Agro Chatbot Using Watson Assistant 33.9 Conclusion and Future Scope References 34 SPWM Control Scheme for CHB-MLI with Minimal Voltage THD 34.1 Introduction 34.2 Five-Level CHB-MLI Topology 34.3 Modulation Schemes 34.3.1 PD Modulation 34.3.2 POD Modulation 34.3.3 APOD Modulation Scheme 34.4 Simulation Results 34.5 Conclusion References 35 IoT Communication Technologies for Smart Farming—A Review 35.1 Introduction 35.2 Related Work 35.2.1 Long Range (LoRa) 35.2.2 Sigfox 35.2.3 NB-IoT 35.2.4 LTE-M 35.3 Comparison of Performance Parameters for a Suitable IoT Communication Technology 35.3.1 Battery Life 35.3.2 Latency 35.3.3 Quality of Service 35.3.4 Coverage and Range 35.3.5 Computational Cost 35.4 Conclusion References 36 Recurrent Neural Network Analysis for Accurate Extrapolation of the Wind Velocity 36.1 Introduction 36.2 Observation and Site Details 36.3 Power Law 36.4 Results and Discussion 36.5 Conclusion References 37 Roof Top Agriculture with Rainwater Harvesting and Smart Irrigation System 37.1 Introduction and Methodology 37.1.1 Prepared Rooftop Area 37.1.2 Soil Moisture Sensor (FC-28) 37.1.3 GSM Module (SIM 800A) 37.1.4 12 V SPDT Relay 37.1.5 12 V Water Pump 37.1.6 ESP8266 Wi-Fi Module 37.1.7 Two Selection Switches 37.2 Architecture and Working of Proposed System 37.3 Conclusion References 38 A Delay-Sensitive Cyber-Physical System Framework for Smart Health Applications 38.1 Introduction 38.2 Literature Survey 38.3 Proposed Work or Methodology 38.3.1 Novel Similarity Measure-Based Random Forest 38.4 Performance Analysis 38.5 Conclusion and Future Work References 39 Analyze and Identify Smart City Applications and Their Existing Frameworks 39.1 Introduction 39.2 Smart City Applications 39.2.1 Smart Parking 39.2.2 Smart Energy 39.2.3 Smart Education 39.2.4 Smart Health 39.2.5 Smart Tourism 39.2.6 Smart Water 39.2.7 Smart Waste 39.2.8 Smart Buildings 39.2.9 Smart Home 39.2.10 Smart Finance 39.2.11 Smart Retail 39.2.12 Smart Manufacturing 39.3 Smart City Architectures 39.3.1 Tier Architecture for Smart City 39.3.2 Message Queue Architecture 39.3.3 Microservice Architecture 39.3.4 Serverless Architecture 39.4 Comparison of the Different Smart City Application Development Architectures 39.5 Conclusion References 40 Prevention of Intrusion Attacks via Deep Learning Algorithm in Wireless Sensor Network in Smart Cities 40.1 Introduction 40.2 Literature Survey 40.3 Proposed Work 40.3.1 Comparison with Previous Works 40.4 Results and Discussion 40.5 Conclusion and Future Scope References 41 Torque Ripple Reduction of a Solar PV-Based Brushless DC Motor Using Sliding Mode Control and H7 Topology 41.1 Introduction 41.2 Mathematical Modeling of BLDC Motor 41.3 Modeling of SMC for BLDC Performance Improvement 41.3.1 Power Losses Calculations 41.4 SMC and H7 Inverter Control Strategy for Speed, Torque Control, and Ripples Reduction 41.5 Results and Discussion 41.5.1 Case A: Constant Speed and Variable Torque Control of BLDC Motor 41.5.2 Case B: Constant Torque and Variable Speed Control of Solar PV-Based BLDC Motor 41.5.3 Case C: Variable Torque and Variable Speed Application of BLDC Motor 41.5.4 Case D: Application of BLDC Motor as Electrical Vehicle (EV) Load 41.6 Conclusion Appendix References 42 Density-Based Smart Traffic Light Control System for Emergency Vehicles 42.1 Introduction 42.2 Literature Review 42.3 Block Diagram 42.3.1 Specifications of Traffic Lights 42.3.2 Basic Prototype of Traffic Light System 42.4 Software Tool 42.5 Flowchart for Density-Based Vehicular System 42.6 Results and Discussion 42.7 Conclusion References 43 Development of an Assessment Tool to Review Communication Technologies for Smart Grid in India 43.1 Introduction 43.2 Literature Review 43.3 Methodology 43.3.1 Assessment Approach 43.3.2 Algorithm 43.3.3 Flowchart 43.4 Assessment of Indian Smart Grid Pilots 43.4.1 Disclosures and Considerations 43.4.2 Assessment Results 43.4.3 Summary 43.5 Conclusions, Recommendations, and Future Directions 43.5.1 Conclusions 43.5.2 Recommendations 43.5.3 Future Directions Appendix–1: Nomenclatures and Abbreviations References 44 Simulation and Analysis of Building Integrated Photovoltaic System for Different Climate Zones in India 44.1 Introduction 44.1.1 Monocrystalline [11, 14] 44.1.2 Polycrystalline [14] 44.1.3 Thin film [14] 44.2 Methodology 44.2.1 PVsyst Software 44.3 Result and Discussion 44.3.1 Monthly Energy Variation Between Six Cities 44.4 Conclusion References 45 CFD Analysis of Temperature Profile and Pattern Factor at the Exit of Swirl Dump Combustor 45.1 Introduction 45.2 Experimental Steps and Instrumentations 45.3 Calculations 45.4 Results and Discussion 45.5 Conclusions and Future Scope References 46 Determining the Performance Characteristics of a White-Box Building Energy System Model and Evaluating the Energy Consumption 46.1 Introduction 46.2 Modelling Approach 46.3 Step Response of Building Energy System 46.4 Simulation Results 46.5 Conclusion References 47 Battery Management System with Wireless Parameter Estimation in EV 47.1 Introduction 47.2 Battery Management System 47.2.1 CAN Communication 47.3 Wireless Battery Management System 47.4 Hardware Implementation 47.4.1 Battery Monitoring Module 47.4.2 Controller and Bluetooth Module 47.4.3 BMS Controller and Display Unit 47.5 Experimental Results 47.6 Conclusion References 48 A Novel Cascaded ‘H’ Bridge-Based Multilevel Inverter with Reduced Losses and Minimum THD 48.1 Introduction 48.2 Novel CHB-Based MLI 48.2.1 Design and Working 48.2.2 Modulation Technique 48.2.3 Switching Losses 48.3 Simulation Results 48.4 Conclusion References 49 Assessing Factors Influencing Supply Chain 4.0: A Case of Smart City Development 49.1 Introduction 49.2 Literature Review 49.2.1 Industry 4.0 49.2.2 Smart City 49.2.3 Supply Chain 4.0 49.3 Conclusion References 50 Electrical Equivalent Model for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Useful in On-Board Applications 50.1 Introduction 50.2 Electrical Equivalent Model for PEM Fuel Cell 50.2.1 Prediction Steps 50.2.2 Correction Steps 50.3 Experimental Setup Description 50.4 Experimental Results and Analysis 50.5 Conclusion References 51 Predicting Waste to Energy Potential and Estimating Number of Transfer Station Based on Indore Waste Management Model: A Case of Indian Smart Cities 51.1 Introduction 51.2 Literature Review 51.3 Methodology 51.3.1 Stage 1: Estimation of Waste to Energy Potential (Bio-CNG and Biogas) 51.3.2 Stage 2 Estimation of Number of Transfer Station 51.4 Result and Discussions 51.5 Conclusion References 52 Analysis of Thermal Energy Storage Mediums for Solar Thermal Energy Applications 52.1 Introduction 52.1.1 Working Cycle of TES Systems 52.1.2 Classification of TES Systems 52.1.3 Work Methodology 52.2 General Selection Criteria for a TES System 52.2.1 Phase Change 52.2.2 Encapsulation of PCMs 52.3 Applications of TES in Solar Thermal Systems 52.3.1 Solar Air Heater (SAH) 52.3.2 Solar Water Heater (SWH) 52.3.3 Solar Dryers 52.3.4 Other Emerging Applications 52.4 Discussion and Future Development Scope References 53 Application of Concrete Filled Steel Tubes in Solar Module Mounting Structure 53.1 Introduction 53.1.1 Tracking Mechanism 53.1.2 Solar Module Mounting Structure 53.1.3 Loads on the Solar Module Mounting Structure 53.1.4 Concrete Filled Steel Torque Tubes 53.2 Methodology 53.2.1 Computation of the Load 53.2.2 Structural Analysis Using STAAD PRO 53.2.3 Finite Element Analysis 53.3 Results 53.4 Conclusion References 54 Reduction of Over Current and Over Voltage Under Fault Condition Using an Active SFCL with DG Units 54.1 Introduction 54.2 Theoretical Analysis of Active SFCL 54.2.1 Structure of Active SFCL 54.2.2 Operating Principle of Active SFCL 54.3 Distribution System with DG Units Using Active SFCL 54.4 Simulink Results 54.4.1 Simulation Results During Normal Condition (Without Fault) 54.4.2 Reducing of Over Voltage Characteristics of Active SFCL During Fault Condition 54.4.3 Active SFCL, Over Current Suppressing Characteristic 54.5 Conclusion References 55 Mathematical Modeling of Air Heating Solar Collectors with Fuzzy Parameters 55.1 Introduction 55.2 Mathematical Model of Solar Air Heater 55.2.1 Basic Concepts 55.2.2 Mathematical Model 55.2.3 Theorem 55.3 Result and Discussion 55.4 Conclusion References 56 Performance of Machine Learning Approaches for Malicious Traffic Intrusion Detection in Network 56.1 Introduction 56.2 Related Work 56.3 Experimental Work and Results 56.4 Result Analysis 56.5 Conclusion References 57 Applications of Synchrophasors Technology in Smart Grid 57.1 Introduction 57.2 Synchrophasors Technology 57.3 Synchrophasors-Based Wide Area Monitoring System 57.3.1 Phasor Measurement Units 57.3.2 Sub/Local Phasor Data Concentrator 57.3.3 Communication Network 57.3.4 Super PDC 57.3.5 Synchrophasors Based Application or Tools 57.4 Synchrophasors Applications 57.4.1 Real-Time Control and Monitoring: 57.4.2 Situational Awareness Coordination 57.4.3 Analysis/Estimate Planners 57.5 Case Study NR of Indian Power Grid Using Synchrophasors Data 57.6 Conclusion References 58 Numerical Analysis of Performance Parameters and Exhaust Gas Emission of the Engine with Regular Air Intake System and with Insulated Air Intake System 58.1 Introduction 58.1.1 Chemistry of Combustion in SI Engine 58.1.2 Heat Transfer and Cooling of SI Engine 58.2 Methodology 58.2.1 Computational Fluid Dynamics 58.3 Modeling 58.4 Result and Discussion 58.4.1 Effect of Engine Thermal Losses on Intake Air Temperature Using Non-insulated or Regular Air Intake System 58.4.2 Effect of Engine Thermal Losses on Intake Air Temperature Using Insulated Air Intake System 58.5 Conclusion References 59 Investigation of AI Based MC-UPFC for Real Power Flow Control 59.1 Introduction 59.2 MC-UPFC Switching Control 59.3 Modeling of MC-UPFC in Power System 59.3.1 MC-UPFC in Two Bus System 59.4 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) 59.4.1 Implementation of PID Based FLC 59.4.2 Test Case-IEEE 14-Bus System with FLC Controller 59.5 Simulation and Results 59.6 Conclusion 59.7 Future Work Appendix References 60 Sizing and Performance Investigation of Grid-Connected Solar Photovoltaic System: A Case Study of MANIT Bhopal 60.1 Introduction 60.2 Energy Demand 60.3 Sizing of Solar PV System 60.3.1 Panel Generation Factor 60.3.2 Energy Generation from Solar PV Modules 60.3.3 Watt Peak Rating for PV Modules 60.4 System Designing 60.4.1 Number of Solar PV Modules Required 60.4.2 Number of Inverters Required 60.4.3 Solar PV Modules Arrangement 60.5 Performance Investigation 60.5.1 Energy Injected Into Grid 60.5.2 Performance Ratio (PR) 60.5.3 CO2 Emission Reduction 60.6 Life Cycle Evaluation of PV System 60.6.1 Energy Payback Period 60.6.2 Capacity Factor 60.7 Economic Analysis 60.8 Conclusion References 61 Comparative Study and Trend Analysis of Regional Climate Models and Reanalysis Wind Speeds at Rameshwaram 61.1 Introduction 61.2 Data and Methods 61.2.1 Data 61.2.2 Methods 61.3 Results and Discussion 61.3.1 Validation 61.3.2 Cumulative Change and Temporal Trends of RCMs Wind Speeds 61.4 Conclusions References 62 A Novel Islanding Detection Technique for Grid-Connected Distributed Generation Using KNN and SVM 62.1 Introduction 62.1.1 Islanding Detection Methods 62.2 Literature Survey 62.3 System Under Study 62.4 Proposed Islanding Detection Methodology 62.4.1 Data Acquisition 62.4.2 Data Pre-processing 62.4.3 Feature Extraction 62.4.4 Building Classification Model (Training Phase) 62.4.5 Testing Classification Model 62.5 Result and Discussion 62.6 Conclusion 62.7 Future Scope References 63 A 150 kW Grid-Connected Roof Top Solar Energy System—Case Study 63.1 Introduction 63.2 PV Plant Location Information 63.3 Installed Plant Description 63.3.1 PV Modules 63.3.2 The Power Conditioning Units 63.3.3 Grid Connection 63.4 System Performance Analysis 63.4.1 Array Yield 63.4.2 Final Yield 63.4.3 Reference yield 63.4.4 PV Module Efficiency 63.4.5 System Efficiency 63.4.6 Performance Ratio (PR) 63.4.7 Capacity Utilization Factor (CUF) 63.4.8 PV Plant Losses 63.5 Cost of Energy for the PV Plant 63.6 Conclusion References 64 Fuzzy SVM Classifier for Clothes Pattern Recognition 64.1 Introduction 64.2 Review of Literature 64.3 Functional Diagram and Methodolgy 64.3.1 Statistical Features Extraction (STA) 64.3.2 Recurrence Quantification Analysis (RQA) 64.3.3 Scale-Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) 64.3.4 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) 64.3.5 Support Vector Machine (SVM) 64.4 System Description 64.5 Results and Discussions 64.5.1 Color Calculation 64.5.2 Detected Color (with Speaker) 64.5.3 Pattern Calculation 64.6 Conclusion References 65 A Detailed Analysis of Municipal Solid Waste Generation and Composition for Haridwar City, Uttrakhand, India 65.1 Introduction 65.2 Materials and Methods 65.2.1 Description of Study Area 65.2.2 Sampling Methodology 65.2.3 Sorting Procedure 65.3 Results and Discussion 65.3.1 Estimation of MSW Generation and Its Management 65.3.2 Composition of MSW 65.4 Conclusion References 66 Techno-Economic Analysis of Piezoelectric-Based Smart Railway Tracks 66.1 Introduction 66.2 Piezoelectric Effect 66.2.1 Compression-Type Piezoelectric System 66.2.2 Cantilever-Type Piezoelectric System 66.3 Sensitivity Analysis 66.3.1 Sensitivity Analysis of ComPES 66.3.2 Sensitivity of CanPES 66.4 Economic Analysis 66.4.1 Cost Estimation of ComPES Array 66.5 Techno-economic Differences of Two PES 66.6 Conclusion References 67 JDMaN: Just Defeat Misery at Nagging—A Smart Application for Women Protection 67.1 Introduction 67.2 Literature Survey 67.3 Existing System 67.4 Proposed Methodology 67.4.1 Software’s 67.4.2 Hardware Devices 67.4.3 Working 67.5 Conclusion and Future Work References 68 Control of PM Synchronous Motor with Hybrid Speed Controller with Gain Scheduling for Electric Propulsion 68.1 Introduction 68.2 Electric Propulsion System 68.3 Hybrid Gain-Scheduled PI Speed Controller 68.3.1 Gain-Scheduled PI Controller 68.3.2 Hybrid Fuzzy PI Controller 68.3.3 Hybrid Speed Controller with Gain Scheduling 68.4 Results and Discussion 68.5 Conclusions References 69 Study on Effect of Draft Tube Diffuser Shape on Performance of Francis Turbine 69.1 Introduction 69.2 Geometric Modelling and Simulation 69.3 Pre-processing and Domain Specifications 69.4 Boundary Conditions 69.5 Results and Discussion 69.6 Conclusions References 70 Dehydration of Vegetables Through Waste Heat of Vapour Compression Refrigeration System 70.1 Introduction 70.2 Material and Method 70.3 Result and Discussion 70.4 Conclusion References 71 Peak Power Impact from Electric Vehicle Charging 71.1 Introduction 71.2 Methodology 71.3 Overview of Different EV Segments and Their Charging 71.3.1 Electric Bus Charging 71.3.2 Electric Car Charging 71.3.3 Electric Three Wheelers 71.3.4 Electric Two Wheelers 71.4 Forecast Peak Demand from Different Vehicle Segments in FAME 71.5 Conclusion and Way Forward References 72 Integration of Multiple Energy Sources for Hybrid Smart Street Light System 72.1 Introduction 72.2 Smart Street Light Charging System 72.2.1 Solar Energy System 72.2.2 Wind Energy System 72.2.3 Mobile Radiation Energy System 72.3 Intensity Control by Sensing Vehicle Movement 72.4 Hybrid Street Light Sun, Wind and Mobile Radiation 72.5 Conclusion References 73 Improving Cold Flow Properties of Biodiesels Using Binary Biodiesel Blends 73.1 Introduction 73.2 Problems Due to Poor CFP 73.3 Material and Methodology 73.3.1 Material 73.3.2 Experimental 73.4 Results and Discussion 73.4.1 Blends of JB with Diesel 73.4.2 Binary Blends of JB with MB 73.4.3 Binary Blends of PB with MB 73.4.4 Blends of JB with Ethanol 73.4.5 Blends of JB with Kerosene 73.5 Finding 73.6 Conclusions References 74 Dual-Axis Solar Tracking System 74.1 Introduction 74.2 Solar Tracking System 74.3 GPS Receiver 74.4 Solar Tracker Design 74.5 Electronic Control System 74.6 Result and Discussion 74.7 Conclusion References 75 CFD Analysis of Air Distribution for Suitable Position of Evaporator in Cold Chamber 75.1 Introduction 75.2 Experimental Setup 75.2.1 Specification 75.2.2 CFD Approaches 75.3 Result and Analysis 75.4 Conclusion References 76 Role of Supercapacitor for Increasing Driving Range of Electric Vehicles Under Indian Climatic Conditions 76.1 Introduction 76.2 Theoretical Description of Supercapacitor 76.3 Model of the Hybrid EESS 76.4 Calculation of Driving Range 76.5 Data Collection and Identification of Temperature Zones of India 76.6 Results and Discussion 76.6.1 Driving Pattern of EV 76.6.2 Power Required Based on Temperature 76.6.3 Effect of Ambient Temperature on the SC Power 76.6.4 Effect of Ambient Temperature on the SOC of SC 76.6.5 Estimation of Range with Respect to Temperature 76.7 Conclusions References 77 Noise Vulnerability Assessment for Kota City 77.1 Introduction 77.2 Study Area and Research Methodology 77.3 Observations 77.4 Results and Discussion 77.4.1 Noise Vulnerability Assessment for Kota City at 78 dB(A) 77.4.2 Noise Vulnerability Assessment for Kota City at 80 dB(A) 77.5 Conclusion References 78 Application of Global Sensitivity Analysis to Building Performance Simulations for Screening Influential Input Parameters in a Humid Coastal Climate 78.1 Introduction 78.2 Climate of the Study Location 78.3 Sensitivity Analysis 78.3.1 Morris Method of Screening 78.4 Methodology 78.4.1 Model Input Parameters 78.4.2 Sampling Strategy 78.4.3 Building Energy Simulation 78.4.4 Sensitivity Analysis and Ranking of Parameters 78.5 Results and Discussion 78.5.1 Analysis of Morris Screening Results 78.5.2 Scope for Further Work 78.6 Conclusion References 79 Two Decades of Urban Growth in Kota City: The Urban Heat Island Study 79.1 Introduction 79.2 Study Area 79.3 Research Methodology and Data Used 79.3.1 Research Methodology 79.3.2 Data Used 79.4 Results and Discussion 79.4.1 Land Surface Temperature (LST) 79.4.2 Correlation Between Land Surface Temperature versus NDBI 79.5 Conclusion References 80 Anomaly Detection Systems Using IP Flows: A Review 80.1 Introduction 80.1.1 Types of Intrusion Detection Systems 80.1.2 Detection Methods 80.1.3 Types of Data 80.2 Flow Collection Process and Tools 80.2.1 Tools Used in Flow Collection Process 80.2.2 Standard Protocols for Handling Flows/Flow-Based Formats 80.2.3 Flow Exporters 80.2.4 Flow Collector 80.3 Techniques Used in Flow-Based Anomaly Detection 80.3.1 Statistical Techniques 80.3.2 Data Mining and Machine Learning Techniques 80.3.3 Deep Learning Techniques 80.3.4 Ensemble Learning 80.3.5 Outlier Techniques 80.3.6 Other Techniques 80.3.7 Combination of Techniques 80.4 Discussion and Research Gaps 80.5 Conclusion and Future Work References 81 Performance Analysis of 250 kWP Roof Top Grid-Connected Solar PV System Installed at MANIT Bhopal 81.1 Introduction 81.2 System Description 81.3 Performance Parameters 81.4 Results and Discussion 81.5 Conclusion References 82 An Ensemble Model of Machine Learning for Primary Tumor Prognosis and Prediction 82.1 Introduction 82.2 Proposed Approach 82.2.1 Preprocessing 82.2.2 Data Visualization 82.2.3 Feature Scaling 82.2.4 Train-Test Split 82.2.5 Machine Learning Algorithm 82.3 Experimental Setup 82.4 Performance Metrics 82.5 Conclusion References 83 Implementing Fog Computing for Detecting Primary Tumors Using Hybrid Approach of Data Mining 83.1 Introduction 83.1.1 Emerging Technologies in Healthcare 83.2 Proposed System 83.2.1 IoT Data Accummulating Layer 83.2.2 Fog Layer 83.2.3 Cloud Layer 83.3 Experimental Setup 83.4 Results 83.4.1 Parameters Used to Evaluate Prediction Efficiency Are as Follows 83.5 Conclusion References 84 Analysis on Filter Circuits for Enhanced Transient Response of Buck Converters 84.1 Introduction 84.2 Working and Design of Buck Converter 84.3 Design of Filter Circuits for Buck Converter 84.4 Simulation Results and Analysis 84.5 Conclusion References 85 The Cause and Control of Failure of Hydraulic Turbine Due to Cavitation: A Review 85.1 Introduction 85.1.1 Types of Cavitation in Hydraulic Turbine 85.1.2 Evaluation of Cavitation Coefficient 85.2 Detection of Cavitation Erosion 85.3 Methods for Prevention of Cavitation in Hydroturbine 85.3.1 Air Injection Method 85.3.2 Material Coating 85.3.3 Turbine Setting 85.4 Effect of Other Parameters on Cavitation Characteristic 85.5 Conclusions References 86 Classification and Synthesis of Nanoparticles: A Review 86.1 Introduction 86.2 Classification 86.2.1 Nanoparticle Based on Origin 86.2.2 Organic Nanoparticles 86.2.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles 86.3 Properties of Nanoparticles 86.3.1 Melting Point 86.3.2 Band Gap 86.3.3 Mechanical Properties 86.3.4 Magnetic Properties 86.4 Application of Nanoparticles in Daily Life 86.4.1 Use of Nanotechnology in Food 86.4.2 Nanoparticle Use in the Electronics 86.4.3 Nanoparticles in the Medical Industry 86.4.4 Nanoparticles as Catalyst 86.5 Conclusion References 87 Marble and Granite Slurry Reuses in Industries 87.1 Introduction 87.2 Applications Sector of Marble Slurry 87.2.1 Utilization of Marble Slurry in Cement Manufacturing 87.2.2 Utilization of Marble Slurry Dust (MSD) in Road Construction 87.2.3 For the Manufacturing of Concrete 87.2.4 Utilization of Marble Slurry in Brick Manufacturing 87.2.5 Manufacture of Ceramic Tiles 87.2.6 Manufacture of Thermoset Resin Composites 87.2.7 Manufacture of Lime 87.2.8 Manufacture of Activated Calcium Carbonate 87.2.9 Hollow Blocks and Wall Tiles 87.2.10 Water Management 87.2.11 Visualization on Latent Fingerprint 87.2.12 Ceramic Artwork 87.2.13 Rubber Industry 87.3 Conclusion References 88 Experimental Investigation on Thermal Performance of Solar Air Collector Provided with Corrugated Absorber 88.1 Introduction 88.2 Materials and Methods 88.3 Results and Discussions 88.4 Conclusions References 89 Noise Vulnerability Assessment at 78 dB (A) for Kota City 89.1 Introduction 89.2 Study Area and Research Methodology 89.3 Observations 89.4 Results and Discussion 89.5 Noise Vulnerability Assessment for Kota City at 78 dB (A) 89.6 Conclusion References Author Index