Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy. Basic Aspects and Practical Applications

Description

Preface to the Fifth Edition Preface to the Fourth Edition Preface to the Third Edition Preface to the First Edition Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Spectroscopy and Multi-spectral Imaging 1.2 Some Fundamentals of Quantum Mechanics 2 Atomic Structure 2.1 One-Electron Systems 2.2 Alkali Atoms 2.3 Magnetic Effects 2.3.1 Precessional Motion 2.3.2 Spin–Orbit Interaction 2.4 General Many-Electron Systems 2.5 The Influence of External Fields 2.5.1 Magnetic Fields 2.5.2 Electric Fields 2.6 Hyperfine Structure 2.6.1 Magnetic Hyperfine Structure 2.6.2 Electric Hyperfine Structure 2.7 The Influence of External Fields (hfs) 2.8 Isotopic Shifts 3 Molecular Structure 3.1 Electronic Levels 3.2 Rotational Energy 3.3 Vibrational Energy 3.4 Polyatomic Molecules 3.5 Clusters 3.6 Other Molecular Structures 4 Radiation and Scattering Processes 4.1 Resonance Radiation 4.2 Spectra Generated by Dipole Transitions 4.2.1 Atoms 4.2.2 Molecules 4.3 Rayleigh and Raman Scattering 4.4 Raman Spectra 4.4.1 Vibrational Raman Spectra 4.4.2 Rotational Raman Spectra 4.4.3 Vibrational–Rotational Raman Spectra 4.5 Mie Scattering 4.6 Atmospheric Scattering Phenomena 4.7 Comparison Between Different Radiation and Scattering Processes 4.8 Collision-Induced Processes 4.9 Quantum Optics and Quantum Information 5 Spectroscopy of Inner Electrons 5.1 X-Ray Spectroscopy 5.1.1 X-Ray Emission Spectroscopy 5.1.2 X-Ray Absorption Spectroscopy 5.1.3 X-Ray Imaging Applications 5.2 Photoelectron Spectroscopy 5.2.1 XPS Techniques and Results 5.2.2 Chemical Shifts 5.3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 6 Optical Spectroscopy and Multispectral Imaging 6.1 Light Sources 6.1.1 Line Light Sources 6.1.2 Continuum Light Sources 6.1.3 Synchrotron Radiation 6.1.4 Natural Radiation Sources 6.2 Spectral Resolution Instruments 6.2.1 Prism Spectrometers 6.2.2 Grating Spectrometers 6.2.3 The Fabry–Pérot Interferometer 6.2.4 The Fourier Transform Spectrometer 6.3 Detectors 6.4 Optical Components and Materials 6.4.1 Interference Filters and Mirrors 6.4.2 Absorption Filters 6.4.3 Polarizers 6.4.4 Optical Materials 6.4.5 Influence of the Transmission Medium 6.5 Optical Methods of Chemical Analysis 6.5.1 The Beer–Lambert Law 6.5.2 Atomic Absorption/Emission Spectrophotometry 6.5.3 Burners, Flames, Sample Preparation and Measurements 6.5.4 Modified Methods of Atomization 6.5.5 Multi-element Analysis 6.5.6 Molecular Spectrophotometry 6.5.7 Raman Spectroscopy 6.6 Optical Remote Sensing 6.6.1 Atmospheric Monitoring with Passive Techniques 6.6.2 Land and Water Measurements with Passive Remote Sensing Techniques 6.7 Astrophysical Spectroscopy 7 Radio-Frequency Spectroscopy 7.1 Resonance Methods 7.1.1 Magnetic Resonance 7.1.2 Atomic-Beam Magnetic Resonance 7.1.3 Optical Pumping 7.1.4 Optical Double Resonance 7.1.5 Level-Crossing Spectroscopy 7.1.6 Resonance Methods for Liquids and Solids 7.2 Microwave Radiometry 7.3 Radio Astronomy 8 Lasers 8.1 Basic Principles 8.2 Coherence 8.3 Resonators and Mode Structure 8.4 Fixed-Frequency Lasers 8.4.1 The Ruby Laser 8.4.2 Four-Level Lasers 8.4.3 Pulsed Gas Lasers 8.4.4 The He–Ne Laser 8.4.5 Gaseous Ion Lasers 8.5 Tunable Lasers 8.5.1 Dye Lasers 8.5.2 Colour-Centre Lasers 8.5.3 Tunable Solid-State Lasers 8.5.4 Tunable CO2 Lasers 8.5.5 Semiconductor Lasers 8.6 Nonlinear Optical Phenomena 8.7 Ultrashort and Ultra-High Power Laser Pulse Generation 8.7.1 Short-Pulse Generation by Mode-Locking 8.7.2 Generation of Ultra-High Power Pulses 9 Laser Spectroscopy 9.1 Basic Principles 9.1.1 Comparison Between Conventional Light Sources and Lasers 9.1.2 Saturation 9.1.3 Excitation Methods 9.1.4 Detection Methods 9.1.5 Laser Wavelength Setting 9.2 Doppler-Limited Techniques 9.2.1 Absorption Measurements 9.2.2 Intracavity Absorption Measurements 9.2.3 Absorption Measurements on Excited States 9.2.4 Level Labelling 9.2.5 Two-Photon Absorption Measurements 9.2.6 Opto-Galvanic Spectroscopy 9.2.7 Single-Atom and Single-Molecule Detection 9.2.8 Opto-Acoustic Spectroscopy 9.3 Optical Double-Resonance and Level-Crossing Experiments with Laser Excitation 9.4 Time-Resolved Atomic and Molecular Spectroscopy 9.4.1 Generation of Short Optical Pulses 9.4.2 Measurement Techniques for Optical Transients 9.4.3 Background to Lifetime Measurements 9.4.4 Survey of Methods of Measurement for Radiative Properties 9.4.5 Quantum-Beat Spectroscopy 9.5 Ultrafast Spectroscopy 9.5.1 Ultrafast Measurement Techniques 9.5.2 Molecular Reaction Dynamics (Femtochemistry) 9.5.3 Coherent Control 9.6 High-Power Laser-Matter Interactions and Applications 9.6.1 Above Threshold Ionization (ATI) 9.6.2 High Harmonic Generation 9.6.3 Attosecond Generation and Spectroscopy 9.6.4 X-Ray Laser Pumping 9.6.5 Broadband X-Ray Generation 9.6.6 Relativistic Effects and Laser Accelerators 9.6.7 Laser-Nuclear Interactions and Laser-Driven Fusion 9.7 High-Resolution Laser Spectroscopy 9.7.1 Spectroscopy on Collimated Atomic and Ionic Beams 9.7.2 Saturation Spectroscopy and Related Techniques 9.7.3 Doppler-Free Two-Photon Absorption 9.7.4 Precision Laser Spectroscopy on Hydrogen 9.7.5 Emergence of the Laser Frequency Comb Technique 9.8 Cooling and Trapping of Ions and Atoms 9.8.1 Introduction 9.8.2 Ion Traps 9.8.3 Basic Laser Cooling in Traps 9.8.4 Trapped Ion Spectroscopy 9.8.5 Atom Cooling and Trapping 9.8.6 Atom Optics 9.8.7 Bose–Einstein Condensation and “Atom Lasers” 9.8.8 Ultracold Fermionic Gases 10 Applications of Laser Spectroscopy 10.1 Diagnostics of Combustion Processes 10.1.1 Background 10.1.2 Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Related Techniques 10.1.3 Raman Spectroscopy 10.1.4 Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering 10.1.5 Velocity Measurements 10.2 Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere 10.2.1 Optical Heterodyne Detection 10.2.2 Long-Path Absorption Techniques 10.2.3 Lidar Techniques 10.3 Laser-Induced Fluorescence and Raman Spectroscopy in Liquids and Solids 10.3.1 Hydrospheric Remote Sensing 10.3.2 Vegetation, Cultural Heritage, and Fauna Monitoring 10.3.3 Food and Pharmaceutical Spectroscopy 10.3.4 Monitoring of Surface Layers 10.4 Laser-Induced Chemical Processes 10.4.1 Laser-Induced Chemistry 10.4.2 Laser Isotope Separation 10.5 Spectroscopic Aspects of Lasers in Medicine 10.5.1 Thermal Interaction of Laser Light with Tissue 10.5.2 Photodynamic Tumour Therapy 10.5.3 Tissue Diagnostics with Laser-Induced Fluorescence 10.5.4 Scattering Spectroscopy 10.6 Closing Remarks Questions and Exercises References Index