Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications

Description

Revised and expanded for this new edition, Smart CMOS Image Sensors and Applications, Second Edition is the only book available devoted to smart CMOS image sensors and applications. The book describes the fundamentals of CMOS image sensors and optoelectronic device physics, and introduces typical CMOS image sensor structures, such as the active pixel sensor (APS). Also included are the functions and materials of smart CMOS image sensors and present examples of smart imaging. Various applications of smart CMOS image sensors are also discussed. Several appendices supply a range of information on constants, illuminance, MOSFET characteristics, and optical resolution. Expansion of smart materials, smart imaging and applications, including biotechnology and optical wireless communication, are included. Features • Covers the fundamentals and applications including smart materials, smart imaging, and various applications • Includes comprehensive references • Discusses a wide variety of applications of smart CMOS image sensors including biotechnology and optical wireless communication • Revised and expanded to include the state of the art of smart image sensors Cover Half Title Series Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Preface to the Second Edition About the Author 1 Introduction 1.1 A general overview 1.2 Brief history of CMOS image sensors 1.2.1 Competition with CCDs 1.2.2 Solid-state imagers with in-pixel amplification 1.2.3 Present CMOS image sensors 1.3 Brief history of smart CMOS image sensors 1.3.1 Vision chips 1.3.2 Advancement of CMOS technology and smart CMOS image sensors 1.3.3 Smart CMOS image sensors based on high performance CMOS image sensor technologies 1.4 Organization of the book 2 Fundamentals of CMOS image sensors 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Fundamentals of photo-detection 2.2.1 Absorption coefficient 2.2.2 Behavior of minority carriers 2.2.3 Sensitivity and quantum efficiency 2.3 Photo-detectors for smart CMOS image sensors 2.3.1 pn-junction photodiode 2.3.2 Photo-gate 2.3.3 Photo-transistor 2.3.4 Avalanche photodiode 2.3.5 Photo-conductive detector 2.4 Accumulation mode in PDs 2.4.1 Potential change in accumulation mode 2.4.2 Potential description 2.4.3 Behavior of photo-generated carriers in PD 2.5 Basic pixel structures 2.5.1 Passive pixel sensor 2.5.2 Active pixel sensor, 3T-APS 2.5.3 Active pixel sensor, 4T-APS 2.6 Sensor peripherals 2.6.1 Addressing 2.6.2 Readout circuits 2.6.3 Analog-to-digital converters 2.7 Basic sensor characteristics 2.7.1 Noise 2.7.2 Dynamic range 2.7.3 Speed 2.8 Color 2.8.1 On-chip color filter type 2.8.2 Three imagers type 2.8.3 Three light sources type 2.9 Comparison among pixel architectures 2.10 Comparison with CCDs 3 Smart structures and materials 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Smart pixels 3.2.1 Analog mode 3.2.2 Pulse modulation mode 3.2.3 Digital mode 3.3 Smart materials and structures 3.3.1 Silicon-on-insulator 3.3.2 Extending to NIR region 3.3.3 Backside illumination 3.3.4 3D integration 3.3.5 Smart structure for color detection 3.4 Dedicated pixel arrangement and optics for smart CMOS image sensors 3.4.1 Phase-difference detection auto focus 3.4.2 Hyper omni vision 3.4.3 Biologically inspired imagers 3.4.4 Light field camera 3.4.5 Polarimetric imaging 3.4.6 Lensless imaging 4 Smart imaging 4.1 Introduction 4.2 High sensitivity 4.2.1 Dark current reduction 4.2.2 Differential APS 4.2.3 High conversion gain pixel 4.2.4 SPAD 4.2.5 Column-parallel processing 4.3 High-speed 4.3.1 Overview 4.3.2 Global shutter 4.3.3 Column- and pixel-parallel processing for high speed imaging 4.3.4 Ultra-high-speed 4.4 Wide dynamic range 4.4.1 Overview 4.4.2 Nonlinear response 4.4.3 Linear response 4.5 Demodulation 4.5.1 Overview 4.5.2 Correlation 4.5.3 Method of two accumulation regions 4.6 Three-dimensional range finder 4.6.1 Overview 4.6.2 Time-of-flight 4.6.3 Triangulation 5 Applications 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Information and communication technology applications 5.2.1 Optical wireless communication 5.2.2 Optical ID tag 5.3 Chemical applications 5.3.1 Optical activity imaging 5.3.2 pH imaging sensor 5.4 Bioscience and Biotechnology applications 5.4.1 Attachment type 5.4.2 On-chip type 5.4.3 Implantation type 5.5 Medical applications 5.5.1 Capsule endoscope 5.5.2 Retinal prosthesis Appendices A Tables of constants B Illuminance C Human eye and CMOS image sensors D Wavelength region in visible and infrared lights E Fundamental characteristics of MOS capacitors F Fundamental characteristics of MOSFET G Optical format and resolution H Intrinsic optical signal and in vivo window References Index