Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation, and Testing
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Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation, and Testing looks at the evolution in construction types of residual current devices and discusses the types and functional properties of contemporary systems. The principle of operation of elements is explained, along with the primary parameters of the devices and their selection and application, as well as the rules of backup protection of residual current devices. The requirements of the standards concerning the importance of obligatory use of devices are included, along with explanation of the needed protection in case of fault, additional protection, and protection against fire. The issue of residual current device operation in circuits with nonsinusoidal currents is detailed, giving special attention to the unique results of residual current device testing and tripping under distorted earth fault currents. In modern electrical and electronic installations, new complex challenges arise for designers and maintenance staff. This book is an essential guide to address those challenges, and its problem-solving section is useful for students, tutors, and academics, as well as engineers involved in the process of design, maintenance, and verification of safety in low-voltage electrical installations. Front Cover Residual Current Devices: Selection, Operation and Testing Copyright Contents Preface Terms and definitions Sources Chapter 1: Genesis of residual current devices References Chapter 2: Construction of modern residual current devices 2.1. Electromechanical relay 2.2. Current transformer 2.3. Internal testing circuit References Chapter 3: Types, parameters, and reliability of residual current devices 3.1. Conventional residual current devices 3.1.1. Rated voltage Vn, number of poles and current paths 3.1.2. Rated residual operating current IDeltan 3.1.3. Rated residual nonoperating current IDeltano 3.1.4. Rated current In 3.1.5. Rated making and breaking capacity Im 3.1.6. Rated residual making and breaking capacity IDeltam 3.1.7. Rated conditional short-circuit current Inc 3.1.8. Rated conditional residual short-circuit current IDeltac 3.1.9. Operating characteristics in terms of the residual current waveform shape 3.1.10. Delay in tripping 3.1.11. Permissible ambient temperature range 3.2. Special residual current devices and their functions 3.2.1. RCD with the emergency STOP function 3.2.2. RCD with the short-circuit system for disconnected circuits having the remaining voltage 3.2.3. RCD with the reclosing system 3.2.4. Portable RCD 3.2.5. Socket-outlet RCD 3.2.6. Ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI) with the neutral-to-earth fault detection 3.2.7. Magneto-optic RCD 3.3. Failures of residual current devices References Chapter 4: Protection against electric shock 4.1. Protection in case of fault 4.1.1. General information 4.1.2. Residual current devices in TN system 4.1.3. Residual current devices in TT system 4.1.4. Residual current devices in IT system 4.2. Additional protection References Chapter 5: Protection against fire 5.1. Leakage currents 5.2. Arcing References Chapter 6: Requirements of standards with reference to application of residual current devices 6.1. HD 60364-4-41:2017 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 4-41: Protection for safety-Protection against electric ... 6.2. IEC 60364-5-53:2015 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 5-53: Selection and erection of electrical equipment-S ... 6.3. IEC 60364-5-55:2011 Electrical installations of buildings-Part 5-55: Selection and erection of electrical equipment- ... 6.4. HD 60364-7-701:2007 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-701: Requirements for special installations or locat ... 6.5. IEC 60364-7-702:2010 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-702: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.6. HD 60364-7-703:2005 Electrical installations of buildings-Part 7-703: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.7. HD 60364-7-704:2007 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-704: Requirements for special installations or locat ... 6.8. HD 60364-7-705:2007 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-705: Requirements for special installations or locat ... 6.9. HD 60364-7-706:2007 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-706: Requirements for special installations or locat ... 6.10. IEC 60364-7-708:2017 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-708: Requirements for special installations or loc ... 6.11. HD 60364-7-709:2010/A12:2019 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-709: Requirements for special installation ... 6.12. HD 60364-7-710:2012 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-710: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.13. IEC 60364-7-711:2018 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-711: Requirements for special installations or loc ... 6.14. HD 60364-7-712:2016 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-712: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.15. IEC 60364-7-713:2013 Electrical installations of buildings-Part 7-713: Requirements for special installations or lo ... 6.16. HD 60364-7-714:2012 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-714: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.17. HD 60364-7-721:2019 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-721: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.18. HD 60364-7-722:2018 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-722: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.19. HD 60364-7-730:2015 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-730: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.20. HD 60364-7-740:2006 Electrical installations of buildings-Part 7-740: Requirements for special installations or loc ... 6.21. IEC 60364-7-753:2014 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-753: Requirements for special installations or loc ... 6.22. IEC 60364-5-56:2018 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 5-56: Selection and erection of electrical equipment- ... 6.23. HD 60364-7-710:2012 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-710: Requirements for special installations or loca ... 6.24. HD 60364-7-718:2013 Low-voltage electrical installations-Part 7-718: Requirements for special installations or loca ... References Chapter 7: Backup protection of residual current devices 7.1. General information 7.2. Backup protection with the use of fuses 7.3. Backup protection with the use of miniature circuit-breakers References Chapter 8: Circuits with nonsinusoidal currents 8.1. General information 8.2. Rectifiers 8.3. Alternating residual currents with harmonics 8.4. Alternating residual currents characterized by current delay angle (symmetrical current control) 8.5. Recommendations for residual current devices application to circuits with nonsinusoidal earth fault currents References Chapter 9: Earth fault loop impedance measurement in circuits with residual current devices 9.1. General information 9.2. Properties of the loop impedance meters and testing of residual current devices 9.3. Special methods of the measurement to circuits with residual current devices 9.3.1. Very low-current method 9.3.2. Method with a compensating current 9.3.3. Saturation of the residual current device current transformer References Chapter 10: Residual current devices in circuits with surge protective devices References Chapter 11: Immunity of residual current devices to the impulse leakage currents References Chapter 12: Verification of residual current devices 12.1. General information 12.2. Verification of the tripping current 12.3. Verification of the break time 12.4. Fault diagnosis in circuits with residual current devices References Chapter 13: Summary Appendix A: Examples of RCD selection Example 1 Calculations and results Example 2 Calculations and results Example 3 Calculations and results Example 4 Calculations and results Example 5 Calculations and results Example 6 Analysis and results Appendix B: Standards regarding residual current devices’ performance, application, and operation Index Back Cover
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