Society 5.0, Digital Transformation and Disasters: Past, Present and Future

Description

This book presents the evolution of the science technology paradigm in Japan and analyzes the critical community and local governance issues from the perspectives of the changing risk landscape, Society 5.0, and digital transformation. It also provides suggestions for the future development of a resilient society and community, by drawing lessons from other countries. Advancements in science technology in recent decades in Japan and the world might have increased our capacity to tackle the adverse human consequences of various kinds of disasters and environmental issues. However, the accompanied and interlinking phenomena of urbanization, climate change, rural to urban migration, population decreases, and aged population have posed new challenges, especially in the small, medium-sized cities, and in rural areas of Japan. This is also enhanced by the risk of cascading, complex and systemic risk, which is defining a new normal as “living with uncertainties”. Society 5.0 is defined as "A human-centered society that balances economic advancement with the resolution of social problems by a system that highly integrates cyberspace and physical space." Society 5.0 was proposed in the 5th Science and Technology Basic Plan as a future society that Japan should aspire to. Society 5.0 achieves a high degree of convergence between cyberspace (virtual space) and physical space (real space), compared with the past information society (Society 4.0) that people would access a cloud service (databases) in cyberspace via the Internet and search for, retrieve, and analyze information or data. In Japan, in the initial stage, a great deal of confusion about the number of people infected with coronavirus occurred. Not only made it inefficient, but it did not produce the accurate data needed for critical decisions. Japan may have unique disadvantages compared with other countries. Trying to drive digitization without thoroughly understanding these disadvantages and addressing them head-on will only lead to failed digital transformations. With these three pillars of changing risk landscape, Society 5.0, and Digital transformation drive, the book will analyze the evolution of the science technology paradigm in Japan, will go deeper into the critical community and local governance issues, and will provide suggestions for future development of resilient society and community, by drawing lessons from overseas disaster risk reduction. Preface About This Book Contents Editors and Contributors 1 Science, Technology, and People-Centered Society 1.1 Introduction 1.2 People-Centric Process for People-Centered DRR 1.3 Digital Transformation for Science and Technology for Human Security and Social Inclusion 1.4 Human Security and Well-Being on SDG3: Health and Well-Being for All 1.5 About the Book References 2 Science, Technology, Innovation and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Multiple Hazards 2.3 Complex Risk Landscape 2.4 Science for Finding Causes and Providing Solutions 2.5 Community Research with Science Technology 2.6 Science Technology for Co-Designing Solutions 2.7 Science Technology for Personalized Choices 2.8 Postscript References 3 Systemic Risk and System-Based Approach for Society 5.0 3.1 Introduction 3.2 All Hazard Approach 3.3 Methods of Disaster Response: Decision Making in the Face of Uncertainty 3.4 Stages of Disaster Response 3.5 Utilization of Information in Disaster Response 3.5.1 Management and Recovery of Critical Infrastructure 3.5.2 Post-Disaster Information Utilization 3.6 Way Forward Reference 4 Emerging Issues and Japan’s Milestones in Science and Technology for Disaster Risk Reduction 4.1 Introduction 4.2  Lesson Learned from Disaster Responce and Information Management by DRR3.0 × Society 4.0 in  Japan 4.2.1 Systematization of Sharing Data 4.2.2 Collection, Design and Data Uncertainty 4.2.3 Processing of Information into Usable Information 4.2.4 Importance of Monitoring Over Time 4.2.5 Systematic Implementation of Information Collection and Organization 4.2.6 From Statistical Thinking to the Utilization of Non-Aggregated Data 4.2.7 Message Distribution 4.2.8 Consensus Building: Decision-Making, Accountability, and Collaboration 4.3 Observation to Orient, Decide, and Act: Demand Based Innovation on Emergency 4.4 The Role of Local Institute: Co-Creation of Care Science for Disaster Risk Reduction 4.5 Way Forward: To Distributed Sheltering and Communication and Care References 5 Evidence-Based Policymaking of Smart City: The Case of Challenge in Maebashi City, Japan 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 What is “EBPM”? 5.1.2 Challenges in Promoting EBPM in Japan 5.2 Micro Geodata (MGD) to Support EBPM Promotion and Available MGD in Japan 5.3 Application Example of MGD: High-Definition Damage Simulation of a Large-Scale Disaster 5.4 The Super City Concept and Its Challenges in Maebashi City 5.4.1 The Super City Concept of Japan 5.4.2 Background of the Super City Concept of Maebashi City 5.4.3 Overall Picture and Challenges of the Super City Concept in Maebashi City 5.5 Maebashi City's Approach to EBPM Using Municipal MGD: An Example of Estimating the Spatial Distribution of Vacant Houses 5.6 Toward the Realization of a Super City Using Maebashi ID 5.7 Prospects for EBPM Promotion in Japan References 6 Personal Life Records for Health Decision-Making in Disaster Situations Society 5.0 and Implications for Resilient Community 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Issues of Information Sharing During Disasters 6.2.1 Personal Information as the Basis for Information Sharing and Cooperation 6.2.2 List of People Requiring Support for Evacuation and Disaster Survivor Register 6.2.3 Evacuation List 6.2.4 How to Associate the Three Lists 6.2.5 Case Study: Machi Care Commons 6.2.6 Consensual Bias 6.3 Proposals for Data Altruism in Europe 6.3.1 Data Governance Bill 6.3.2 Data Altruism in Health Care 6.3.3 How to View Data Altruism 6.4 Examination of Specific Cases 6.4.1 Personal Information Protection Act 2000 Issues: Information Sharing Issues 6.4.2 Safety Issues: Information Disclosure Issues 6.5 Consider Data Altruism: A Break from Consensus Parochialism 6.5.1 Validity of Data Altruism 6.5.2 Move Away from a Consensus Bias 6.5.3 How to Develop the Information Infrastructure, Interoperability 6.6 Conclusion References 7 Digital Transformation and Disaster Risk Reduction 7.1 Introduction: What is Digital Transformation and How? 7.2 Why Digital Transformation for DRR? 7.3 Technologies Supporting Digital Transformation 7.3.1 Utilization of Geographic Information Systems 7.3.2 Data Management and Sharing 7.4 Do It Yourself! Participatory Digital Transformation 7.4.1 Service Design for PGIS 7.4.2 Data Accuracy 7.4.3 Prototyping Process: Rapid Prototyping for Disasters 7.5 Challenges in Digital Transformation for DRR References 8 XR and Implications to DRR: Challenges and Prospects 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Disaster Literacy and Current Education on Disaster Preparedness  8.3 Disaster Literacy on Society 5.0 8.4 XR and the Potential for Disaster Management Application 8.5 Feasibility Study on School Education 8.5.1 AR Flooding Experience App Disaster Scope® Floods 8.5.2 AR Smoke Experience App Disaster Scope® Fire&Smoke 8.5.3 The Utilization of the System 8.5.4 Evaluation 8.5.5 Considerations and Future Issues 8.6 Implementation and Promotion on Community by Local Government 8.6.1 Yokohama City: Yokohama Evacuation Navigation System 8.6.2 Kobe City Urban Innovation Challenge 8.6.3 Kochi: Gaining the Literacy for Emergency and Resilience 8.6.4 Metaverse Disaster Training 8.7 Way to Forward References 9 Open Governance and Disaster Risk Reduction 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Understanding Open Science and Different Components 9.3 Growing Relevance of Open Data for DRR and Governance 9.4 Open Governance for DRR: Case Study Examples 9.4.1 Open Data in Drought Management—Case of Cape Town, South Africa 9.4.2 Open Data in Urban Flood Mitigation—Case of Cameron 9.4.3 Case of Typhoon Haiyan 2013 in the Philippines 9.4.4 Case of Hurricane Sandy 2012 in the United States 9.5 Key Challenges in Operationalizing Open Governance 9.5.1 Digital Divide in the Disaster Management 9.5.2 Technical Difficulties 9.5.3 Insufficient Data Application Capacity 9.5.4 Limitations of Social Media 9.6 Key Lessons and Opportunities 9.6.1 Bridging the Digital Divide 9.6.2 Government Support for Technical Issues 9.6.3 Multi-Partnership Collaboration Toward Emergency Response 9.6.4 Capitalizing on the Social-Media Big Data 9.7 Conclusions References 10 Open Governance and Disaster Planning, Recovery, and Response: Lessons from the United States 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Theory of Open Governance in Disaster Management 10.3 Leveraging Digital Technologies to Communicate and Interact with the Public 10.4 Leveraging Crowdsourced Data for Improved Decision Making 10.5 Three Examples of Open Government Technologies for Managing Disasters in the United States 10.5.1 Background on the United States’ Emergency Management System 10.5.2 Leveraging Digital Technologies to Communicate and Interact with the Public: The Use of NextDoor in Hurricane Recovery 10.5.3 Leveraging Crowdsourced Data for Improved Decision Making: Damage Assessment After Hurricane Sandy 10.5.4 Leveraging Open Data, Big Data, and Data Analytics for Intra- and Inter-Governmental Collaboration in Disaster Management: The Hazus Risk Estimation Program 10.6 Conclusions References 11 Technology Landscape in Post COVID-19 Era: Example from China 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Background of China's COVID-19 Response 11.2.1 Fighting the Virus in Wuhan City 11.2.2 Information Concealment and Initial Response by Local Governments 11.2.3 Causes of Infection Explosion in Wuhan City 11.3 Initial Response of the Central Government to COVID-19 Response System 11.3.1 Central Government's Initial Response 11.3.2 COVID-19 Measures of the Central New Pneumonia Control Guidance Subgroup 11.3.3 Formation of a National System for COVID-19 Response 11.4 Institutionalizing the “Community” Function 11.4.1 Institutionalization of Community Management 11.4.2 Institutionalization of Community Housing Blockade and Personnel Structure 11.5 Institutionalizing Use of Information Technology in COVID-19 response 11.5.1 Infection Cluster Discovery Using Big Data 11.5.2 Health Code 11.6 Dalian's COVID-19 Response 11.6.1 Features of Dalian COVID-19 Response 11.6.2 COVID-19 Measures and Use of Information Technology in Dalian Community 11.6.3 Overcoming Database Problems 11.6.4 Surveillance and Drones 11.7 Conclusion References 12 Jugaad Innovation: Concept and Lessons of Social Innovation in India 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Jugaad: A Review of the Concept 12.2.1 Manifestations and Measures of Frugal Innovations 12.3 Theory and Framework 12.4 Research Methodology 12.5 Case Studies 12.5.1 Mobile Money as a Jugaad Innovation for the Bottom of the Pyramid 12.5.2 Addressing Sustainable Development Goals: Eat Raja 12.5.3 Addressing Sustainability and Inclusion: Mitticool 12.5.4 Addressing Inclusion: Padman 12.5.5 Addressing Women Empowerment: Laxmi Asu Making Machine 12.6 Discussion—Future Trajectories from the Lens of Bricolage Theory References 13 Towards a People-Centered, Technology-Driven Society 13.1 Human Security and Well-Being for DRR 13.2 Key Messages 13.3 Postscript 13.3.1 From Inter-Multi-Disciplinarity to Trans-Disciplinarity 13.3.2 Knowledge Society 13.3.3 Open Governance 13.3.4 Grassroots and Process Innovation and Citizen Science 13.3.5 Youth Leadership 13.3.6 Sci-Preneurship as a Newly Evolving Field 13.4 Conclusion References