The Peroneal tendons : a clinical guide to evaluation and management

Description

Foreword Reference Preface Acknowledgments Contents Contributors 1: Normal Anatomy of the Peroneal Tendons Myology Peroneus Longus Peroneus Brevis Peroneus Tertius Variations of the Lateral Peronei Relation of the Sural Nerve Blood Supply Osteology References 2: Biomechanics of the Peroneal Tendons Background Purpose of the Peroneal Tendon Clinical Presentation Anatomical Variants Peroneal Tendon Morphometry The Peroneal Tendons Role in Foot Structure The Peroneal Tendon’s Role in Foot Function Plantar Pressures Kinematics Kinetics Electromyography Contact Mechanics Clinical Biomechanics of the Peroneal Tendon Peroneal Tendon Rupture Tendon Transfer Peroneal Groove Deepening Gaps in Knowledge Summary References 3: Congenital Variations of the Peroneal Tendons Peroneus Quartus Tendon Anomalous Low-Lying Peroneus Brevis Muscle Belly Within the Fibular Groove Variations of the Superior Peroneal Retinaculum Morphologic Variations in the Retromalleolar Fibular Groove Lateral Wall of the Calcaneus; Enlarged Peroneal Tubercle Variation Cuboid Tunnel: Incidence and Variations of the Os Peroneum in the Peroneus Longus Tendon Bibliography 4: History and Physical Examination in Peroneal Tendon Injury Past Medical History and Family History Anatomy Trauma History of the Onset of Peroneal Symptoms Over-Reliance on Imaging Studies Physical Examination Differentiating Ankle Sprains from Peroneal Tendon Injury Location of Peroneal Tendon Tears References 5: High-Resolution Ultrasound and MRI Imaging of Peroneal Tendon Injuries Introduction Imaging Techniques Radiographs MRI Technique Normal Findings and Pitfalls Ultrasound Technique Normal Findings and Pitfalls Functional Imaging Peroneal Tendinosis, Tendonitis, and Tenosynovitis Peroneal Tendon Tears Peroneal Instability Anatomic Variants Os Peroneum Peroneus Quartus Low-Lying Peroneus Brevis Muscle Belly Hypertrophic Protuberances of the Lateral Calcaneus Peroneal Groove Shape Summary References 6: Conservative Treatment of Peroneal Tendon Injuries: Immobilization/Bracing/Orthotics Ankle Walkers Foot Orthoses Prefabricated Ankle Foot Orthoses Custom Ankle Foot Orthoses Ankle Gauntlets Posterior Solid Ankle AFO – “Sobel Special” Summary References 7: Conservative Treatment of Peroneal Tendon Injuries: Rehabilitation Introduction Patient History Risk Factors Differential Diagnosis Peroneal Tendonitis/Tendinopathy Tendon Splits/Tears Os Peroneum Peroneal Tendon Subluxation/Dislocation Physical Exam Outcome Measures Foot Posture and Gait Assessment Measuring ROM Strength Testing Special Tests Functional Testing Intervention Conservative Management of Specific Peroneal Tendon Pathologies Peroneal Tendonitis/Tenosynovitis Peroneal Tendinopathy Painful Os Peroneum Syndrome (POPS) Peroneal Tendon Dislocation Peroneal Tendon Tears Rehabilitation Strategies Modalities Manual Therapy Trigger Point Dry Needling Taping/Bracing Nonelastic Athletic Taping Elastic Ankle Taping Ankle Bracing Therapeutic Exercise Prevention Summary References 8: Conservative Treatment of Peroneal Tendon Injuries: Peroneal Tendon Sheath Ultrasound-Guided Corticosteroid Injection Introduction Techniques Diagnostic Ultrasound Ultrasound-Guided Injection Outcomes Discussion Conclusion References 9: Peroneal Tendonitis and Tendonopathy Tendon Structure and Tendinopathy Pathogenesis Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors in Tendinopathy Intrinsic Factors Extrinsic Factors Conclusion References 10: Acute Subluxation/Dislocation of the Peroneal Tendons Introduction Anatomy Pathology Clinical Features Imaging Preoperative Planning Management Authors’ Preferred Surgical Technique Postoperative Care Conclusions References 11: Peroneus Brevis Tears Introduction Anatomy Epidemiology, Etiology, Mechanism, and Histology Clinical Symptoms and Physical Examination Imaging X-Ray Ultrasound Magnetic Resonance Imaging Computer Tomography Tendoscopy Surgical Technique: Peroneal Tendoscopy Treatment Conservative Management Surgical Management/Basic Principles/Repair/Tubularization/End to End/Tenodesis Surgical Technique: Autograft Interposition or Transfer Postoperative Treatment Conclusion References 12: Peroneus Brevis Tears Associated with Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability Introduction Anatomy Peroneus Brevis Tendon Tear and Ligament Injury Clinical Presentation Treatment Prognosis References 13: Groove Deepening Procedures and Approaches to Treatment of Peroneal Tendon Dislocations Introduction Historical Perspective The Anatomy of the Tissue (Peroneals, Retinaculum, and Posterior Fibula) [6] The Nature of the Problem Direct Groove Deepening Approaches Indirect Groove Deepening Approachesv Intrasheath Peroneal Dislocation Without SPR Avulsion Rehabilitation Principles and Approaches Complications and Potential Pitfalls Recurrent Dislocation Infection and Wound Healing Peroneal Tendon Tear Nonunion Stiffness Fibula Fracture Sural Nerve Injury/Neuritis Principles of Groove Deepening The Author’s Preferred Approach Conclusion Bibliography 14: Intrasheath Subluxation of the Peroneal Tendons Background Clinical Presentation and Physical Examination Diagnostic Imaging Classification Management Surgical Technique [14] Bibliography 15: Arthroscopy and Tendoscopy in the Treatment of Peroneal Tendon Pathology Introduction Indications Anatomy Physiopathology History and Physical Exam Radiology Conservative Treatment Surgical Treatment Surgical Technique Preoperative Planning Patient Positioning Portals Surgical Procedure Surgical Options Complications Postoperative Care Results and Outcome Summary References 16: Stenosing Tenosynovitis of the Peroneal Tendons Along the Lateral Wall of the Calcaneus Introduction Anatomy of the Lateral Wall of the Calcaneus Bone Anatomy of the Peroneal Tendons Over the Lateral Calcaneal Wall Etiology, Biomechanics, and Mechanism of Injury Clinical Presentation Imaging and Diagnosis Treatment References 17: Peroneus Longus Tears Associated with Pathology of The Os Peroneum Anatomy History and Physical Exam Radiographic Evaluation Conservative Treatment Surgical Treatment References 18: Attritional Rupture of Peroneus Brevis and Peroneus Longus Tendons: Allograft Reconstruction Introduction Anatomy Pathogenesis History and Exam Imaging/Studies Differential Allograft Use in Orthopedics Operative Technique Positioning and Limb Preparation Surgical Approach Examination and Debridement of the Peroneal Tendons Measuring the Defect and Preparing Allograft Distal Allograft Fixation Proximal Allograft Fixation Closure Postoperative Care Outcomes Complications References 19: Attritional Rupture of Peroneus Brevis and Peroneus Longus Tendons: Flexor Digitorum Longus Transfer Introduction Technique References 20: Staged Reconstruction for Chronic Rupture of Both Peroneal Tendons Using Hunter Rod and Flexor Hallucis Longus Tendon Transfer Introduction Operative Technique Discussion Conclusion References 21: Immobilization and Rehabilitation After Surgical Treatment of Peroneal Tendon Tears and Ruptures Introduction Phases of Rehabilitation Immobilization Rehabilitation Exercises Range-of-Motion Exercises Peroneal Strengthening Exercises Calf and Foot Strengthening Exercises Proprioceptive Exercises Schematic Overview Rehabilitation Process Conclusion References 22: Peroneal Tendon Injury Associated with the Cavus Foot The Cavovarus Foot Who Needs Correction? Forefoot Cavus Hindfoot Cavus Rigidity Metatarsus Adductus The Peroneal Tubercle Radiographic Evaluation Lateral X-Ray AP Foot X-Ray Hindfoot Alignment View Weight-Bearing CT Scans Criteria for Bony Correction with Peroneal Pathology Surgical Strategies for Concurrent Bony Correction with Peroneal Repair/Reconstruction Hindfoot Arthrodesis Spasticity and Tendon Rebalancing Dorsiflexion Osteotomy of First Ray/First TMT Fusion Lateralizing Calcaneal Osteotomy Incision Planning for Multiple Procedures The Minimal-Incision Lateralizing Calcaneal Osteotomy Surgical Correction of Severe Metatarsus Adductus References 23: Peroneal Tendon Pathology Associated with Calcaneous Fractures Anatomy Epidemiology History and Physical Examination Diagnostic Tests Surgical Treatment Extensile Lateral Approach Sinus Tarsi Approach Chronic Peroneal Tendon Injuries References 24: Peroneal Tendon Injury in the Elite Athlete Introduction History and Physical Examination Imaging Conservative Treatment Management Surgically Managed Disorders Acute Peroneal Tendon Dislocation Peroneus Longus Rupture/Os Peroneum Syndrome Peroneus Brevis Split Tear in Association with Chronic Lateral Ankle Instability Isolated Peroneus Brevis Rupture Combined Peroneus Brevis and Peroneus Longus Tendon Rupture Concominent Cavovarus Foot Role for Peroneal Tendoscopy Postsurgical Rehabilitation Rehab Protocol Phase I - Immobilization Phase II – Early Mobility/Weightbearing Phase III – Full Weightbearing/Progressive Exercise Phase IV – Optimize Gait/Balance/Proprioception Phase V – Full Functional Activity Phase VI – Return to Sport-Specific Activity Summary References 25: Synthetic Graft Augmentation (Polyurethane Urea) for Reconstruction of Peroneal Tendon Injury Background/Introduction Indications/Contraindications Preoperative Planning Surgical Techniques Utilizing PUUR (Artelon) Graft Peroneal Repair Peroneal Tendon Reconstruction for Rupture Os Peroneum Excision Superior Peroneal Retinaculum Reconstruction Potential Complications Post-op Care Outcomes References Index