Stretch Intensity and the Inflammatory Response: A Paradigm Shift
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In this manuscript, practitioners and students who are concerned with sports and rehabilitation medicine, kinesiology, as well as coaches and athletes, are introduced to numerous concepts, including mechanotransduction, inflammation, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, calpains, the extracellular matrix, neutrophils and macrophages, and their relevance to stretching, particularly stretching intensity. Although the quantitative parameters of training, duration, and frequency are important, it is the qualitative criterion of intensity (“how much”) that the author suggests is ultimately of greater concern. Intensity, the rate and magnitude of force, may be responsible for the proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation of the musculoskeletal tissues from training, competition, or rehabilitation from injuries. Research suggests that too much force results in the stimulation of an inflammatory response, one associated with a biochemical feedback emerging from a mechanical stimulus. The intent of this manuscript is twofold: to initiate the discussion of the importance of stretching intensity with regard to proper recovery, regeneration, and adaptation, and to suggest that researchers need to explore its potential role in addressing numerous inflammatory (RA) and non-inflammatory (OA, recurrent tendinitis etc.) musculoskeletal conditions as well. Front Matter ....Pages i-xviii Introduction (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 1-4 Literature Review (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 5-129 Study One: Acute Inflammatory Response to Stretching (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 131-143 Study Two: Stretch Intensity vs. Inflammation: Is There a Dose-Dependent Association? (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 145-157 The Effect of Different Passive Static Stretching Intensities on Perceived Muscle Soreness and Muscle Function Recovery Following Unaccustomed Eccentric Exercise: A Randomised Controlled Trial (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 159-181 Summary Discussion (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 183-187 Limitations (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 189-195 Future Research (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 197-208 Conclusion (Nikos C. Apostolopoulos)....Pages 209-209 Back Matter ....Pages 211-231
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