Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes: Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics through Bacterial and Fungal Approach

Description

Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes: Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics through Bacterial and Fungal Approach covers the active and applicable role that bacteria and fungi play in the degradation of xenobiotic compounds from the environment. The book gives up-to-date information on recent advancements in the field of environmental xenobiotics and how they disturb a plant's metabolism. The book also gives information on aerobic and anaerobic degradation of xenobiotic compounds through bacteria or fungi and/or a combined approach. Finally, the book covers the characteristics of environmental microbiology, biochemical engineering, agricultural microbiology, environmental engineering, and soil bioremediation. Front Cover Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes Development in Wastewater Treatment Research and Processes:Microbial Degradation of Xenobiotics Through Bacterial and Fungal Approach Copyright Contents Contributors 1 - Microbial degradation of xenobiotics in bioelectrochemical systems 1.1 Introduction to xenobiotics 1.2 Conventional processes of xenobiotics degradation and their drawbacks 1.2.1 Adsorption 1.2.2 Membrane processes 1.2.3 Advanced oxidation processes 1.2.4 Biological treatment processes 1.3 Xenobiotics degradation in bioelectrochemical systems 1.3.1 Microbial fuel cell 1.3.1.1 Pharmaceuticals 1.3.1.2 Dyes 1.3.1.3 Pesticides 1.3.1.4 Heavy metals 1.3.2 Microbial electrolysis cell 1.3.2.1 Pharmaceuticals 1.3.2.2 Dyes 1.3.2.3 Heavy metals 1.3.2.4 Pesticides 1.3.3 Microbial desalination cell 1.3.3.1 Dyes 1.3.3.2 Heavy metals 1.4 Challenges faced 1.5 Summary 1.6 Conclusion References Further reading 2 - Bacterial and fungal degradation of dyes: a remedial source 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Classification of dyes 2.3 Environmental and health problems associated with dyes 2.4 Conventional methods of dye removal 2.5 Bacterial degradation of dye 2.5.1 Pure bacterial cultures for dye degradation 2.5.2 Mixed cultures and cocultures for degradation 2.5.3 Immobilized cells for degradation 2.5.4 Microbial fuel cells for degradation 2.6 Mechanism of dye degradation via bacteria 2.6.1 Degradation via enzymes 2.6.1.1 Azo reductases–mediated biodegradation of dye 2.6.1.2 Laccase-mediated biodegradation of dye 2.6.1.3 Lignin peroxidases–mediated biodegradation of dye 2.6.2 Degradation via mediation 2.6.3 Decolorization via organic and inorganic compounds 2.7 Factors affecting bacterial degradation of dyes 2.7.1 Aeration and agitation 2.7.2 Temperature 2.7.3 pH 2.7.4 Dye concentration 2.7.5 Dye structure 2.8 Bacterial bioreactors for decolorization and degradation of dyes 2.9 Fungal degradation of dye 2.10 Mechanism of dye degradation via fungi 2.10.1 Bioaccumulation of dye 2.10.2 Biosorption of dye 2.10.3 Biodegradation of dye 2.10.3.1 Azo reductases–mediated biodegradation of dye 2.10.3.2 Laccase-mediated biodegradation of dye 2.10.3.3 Peroxidases-mediated biodegradation of dye 2.11 Factors affecting fungal degradation 2.11.1 Aeration and agitation 2.11.2 Temperature 2.11.3 pH 2.11.4 Dye concentration 2.11.5 Dye structure 2.12 Fungal bioreactors for decolorization and degradation of dyes 2.13 Conclusion and future prospects References Further reading 3 - Role of halophiles in xenobiotic bioremediation 3.1 Xenobiotic compounds 3.2 Halophiles—an extremophle in action 3.3 Metal bioremediation by halophiles 3.4 Bioremediation of hydrocarbons including crude oils 3.5 Bioremediation of crude oil 3.6 Aliphatic hydrocarbon 3.7 Monoaromatic hydrocarbon 3.8 Polyaromatic hydrocarbon 3.9 Conclusion References Further reading 4 - Fungal diversity in the bioremediation of toxic effluents 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methods of bioremediation 4.3 Steps of mycoremediation 4.3.1 Biosorption 4.3.2 Bioaccumulation 4.3.3 Biodegradation 4.3.4 Bioconversion 4.4 Kinds of bioremediators 4.4.1 White-rot fungi 4.4.2 Marine fungi 4.4.3 Extremophilic fungi 4.4.4 Symbiotic fungi 4.4.5 Other kinds of mushrooms 4.5 Factors affecting mycoremediation 4.5.1 Temperature effect on mycoremediation 4.5.2 pH effect on mycoremediation 4.5.3 Relative humidity effect on mycoremediation 4.5.4 Effect of oxygen, light, trace elements, and aeration on mycoremediation 4.6 Different types of targeted contaminants 4.6.1 Volatile organic compounds 4.6.2 Synthetic dyes 4.6.3 Heavy metals 4.6.4 Toxic compounds and municipal solid wastes 4.7 Enzymes involved in bioremediation 4.7.1 Peroxidase 4.7.2 Laccase 4.7.3 Cytochrome P450 4.8 Recent advancements in fungal bioremediation 4.9 Conclusion and future perspective References Further reading 5 - Current advances in microbial bioremediation of surface and ground water contaminated by hydrocarbon 5.1 Introduction 5.1.1 Hydrocarbon (petroleum) contamination of surface water and ground water 5.1.1.1 Implications and health hazards of hydrocarbon contamination 5.1.2 Management of hydrocarbon contaminated water 5.1.2.1 Conventional techniques 5.1.2.2 Biological techniques 5.2 Microbial bioremediation of hydrocarbon (petroleum) contaminated water 5.2.1 Advantages of microbial bioremediation technique 5.2.2 Current advances in microbial bioremediation technique 5.2.2.1 Bioaugmentation 5.2.2.2 Biostimulation 5.2.3 Mechanisms of bioremediating activity by microorganisms 5.2.3.1 Bacterial mechanism 5.2.3.2 Fungal mechanism 5.2.3.3 Genetically engineered microbes and their roles in hydrocarbon bioremediation 5.2.4 Current advances in application of microbial bioremediation 5.2.4.1 Biosurfactant importance and advances in its technology 5.2.4.2 Using immobilized cells 5.2.4.3 Commercially available bioremediation agents 5.3 Challenges and recommendations 5.3.1 Challenges 5.3.2 Recommendations 5.4 Conclusions and future prospects References Further reading 6 - Microbial remediation of petroleum hydrocarbons in liquid wastes 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Classification and composition of petroleum oil 6.2.1 Very light oils 6.2.2 Light oils 6.2.3 Medium oils 6.2.4 Heavy fuel oils 6.3 Impact of petroleum hydrocarbons on environment 6.4 Remediation techniques 6.4.1 Physical techniques 6.4.2 Chemical techniques 6.4.3 Bioremediation techniques 6.4.4 Phytoremediation 6.5 Microbial degradation petroleum oil 6.6 Sources of microbes 6.7 Role of enzymes 6.8 Role of biosurfactants in degrading hydrocarbon 6.9 Factors affecting the biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon 6.10 Advantages of microbial remediation technique 6.11 Conclusion and future prospects References Further reading 7 - Microbial remediation of metals by marine bacteria 7.1 Introduction 7.2 Heavy metal toxicity 7.3 Removal of toxic metals by marine microbes 7.3.1 Arsenic 7.3.2 Cadmium 7.3.3 Chromium 7.3.4 Cobalt 7.3.5 Copper 7.3.6 Iron 7.3.7 Lead 7.3.8 Manganese 7.3.9 Mercury 7.3.10 Nickel 7.3.11 Selenium 7.3.12 Vanadium 7.3.13 Zinc 7.4 Conclusions and future perspectives References Further reading 8 - Microbial degradation of dye-containing wastewater 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Dye 8.3 Classification of dyes 8.4 Sources of hazardous dyes in the environment 8.5 Mode of toxicity of dye in human health 8.6 Microbial interaction with dyes 8.7 Bacterial interaction with dye 8.8 Fungal interaction with dye 8.9 Bioremediation strategies of dyes 8.10 Bacterial degradation of dyes 8.11 Fungal degradation of dyes 8.12 Hurdles on dye bioremediation 8.13 Future prospects References Further reading 9 - Microbial bioremediation of heavy metals by Marine bacteria 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Types of marine bacteria involved in metal bioremediation 9.2.1 Diversity of marine bacteria 9.3 Mechanism of microbial bioremediation of metals 9.3.1 Remediation and metals 9.4 Microbial bioremediation and its mechanism 9.5 Microbial remediation of heavy metals from the soil 9.6 Microbial bioremediation of metals from water 9.7 Advantages and disadvantages of microbial bioremediation 9.8 Bioleaching (biomining) 9.9 Phytoremediation 9.10 Plant microbial bioremediation 9.11 Heavy metal removal by fungi 9.12 Metal uptake by fungi 9.13 Heavy metal removal by Algae 9.14 Factors affecting heavy metal bioremediation by algae (Table 9.6) 9.15 Factors affecting the microbial bioremediation of heavy metals 9.15.1 Physiochemical factors affecting bioremediation 9.15.2 Biological factors affecting bioremediation processes 9.15.3 Climate change and bioremediation processes 9.16 Conclusion and Future prospects References Further reading 10 - Role of microbes in biodegradation of cyanide and its metal complexes 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Cyanide 10.2.1 Chemistry of cyanide and their various forms 10.2.2 Sources of cyanide 10.2.2.1 Soil 10.2.2.2 Water 10.2.2.3 Air 10.2.3 Cyanide discharge from industries and pollution 10.2.4 Toxicological effects of cyanide 10.2.5 Effluent disposal standards of cyanide 10.3 Factors responsible for the biodegradation of cyanides 10.3.1 Concentration of cyanides 10.3.2 Availability of nutrients 10.3.3 Availability of oxygen 10.3.4 Presence of additional pollutants 10.3.5 Temperature and pH 10.4 Microbial metabolism 10.4.1 Hydrolytic pathway 10.4.1.1 Cyanide hydratase 10.4.1.2 Nitrile hydratases 10.4.1.3 Cyanidase (cyanide dihydratases) 10.4.1.4 Carbonyl pathway (thiocyanate hydrolase) 10.4.2 Oxidative pathway 10.4.2.1 Cyanide dioxygenase 10.4.2.2 Cyanate pathway (cyanase) 10.4.3 Reductive pathway 10.4.3.1 Nitrogenase 10.4.4 Substitution/transfer pathway 10.4.4.1 Rhodanese 10.4.4.2 Mercaptopyruvate sulfur transferase 10.4.5 Synthases pathways 10.4.5.1 β-cyanoalanine synthase 10.4.5.2 γ-Cyano-α-aminobutyric acid 10.5 Advances in cyanide biodegradation technologies 10.6 Conclusion and future prospects References Further reading 11 - Microbial-mediated explosives removal and its impact on TNT, RDX, and HMX 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Classification of explosives 11.3 The problem with explosives 11.4 Impact of explosives on the environment 11.5 An overview of the environmental fate of explosives 11.6 Bioremediation of explosives 11.6.1 TNT 11.6.1.1 Anaerobic and aerobic reduction of nitro group 11.6.1.2 Anaerobic and aerobic denitration 11.6.2 RDX 11.6.2.1 Anaerobic and aerobic reduction of nitro group 11.6.2.2 Anaerobic and aerobic denitration 11.6.3 HMX 11.6.3.1 Reduction of nitro group 11.6.3.2 Anaerobic and aerobic denitration 11.7 Limitations, future prospects, and conclusion References Further reading 12 - Advancement in microbial bioremediation 12.1 Introduction 12.2 Xenobiotics and role of microbes 12.2.1 Biodegradation 12.2.2 Biotransformation 12.2.3 Cometabolism 12.3 Parameters for biodegradation 12.3.1 Microbial structure 12.3.2 Environmental factors 12.3.3 Physiochemical characteristic of the contaminant 12.4 Approaches to bioremediation 12.4.1 Cell-based bioremediation 12.4.2 Enzyme-based bioremediation 12.5 Improving the process of biodegradation 12.5.1 Genetic engineering 12.5.1.1 Genetically modified organisms 12.5.1.2 Protein engineering 12.5.2 Biosurfactants 12.5.3 Chemotaxis and transport 12.6 Omics approaches in the microbial bioremediation 12.7 Conclusion and future prospective References Further reading 13 - Counterbalancing common explosive pollutants (TNT, RDX, and HMX) in the environment by microbial degradation 13.1 Introduction 13.1.1 Biological remediation 13.1.2 Explosives 13.2 TNT 13.2.1 Chemistry and properties of TNT 13.2.2 Worldwide deposits of TNT 13.2.3 Toxicity of TNT 13.2.4 Microbial degradation of TNT 13.2.4.1 TNT degradation by aerobic bacteria 13.2.4.2 TNT degradation by anaerobic bacteria 13.2.4.2.1 Fungal degradation 13.2.4.2.1 Fungal degradation 13.3 RDX and HMX 13.3.1 Chemistry and properties of RDX and HMX 13.3.2 Toxicity of RDX and HMX 13.3.3 Biodegradation of RDX and HMX 13.3.3.1 Biodegradation pathways of RDX by sequential reduction pathway 13.3.3.1.1 Anaerobic conditions 13.3.3.1.1 Anaerobic conditions 13.3.3.1.2 Aerobic conditions 13.3.3.1.2 Aerobic conditions 13.3.3.2 Denitration of RDX 13.3.3.2.1 Aerobic denitration 13.3.3.2.1 Aerobic denitration 13.3.3.2.2 Anaerobic denitration 13.3.3.2.2 Anaerobic denitration 13.3.3.2.3 Other pathways 13.3.3.2.3 Other pathways 13.3.3.3 Sequential reduction of HMX 13.3.3.3.1 Anaerobic and aerobic conditions 13.3.3.3.1 Anaerobic and aerobic conditions 13.3.3.4 Denitration of HMX 13.3.3.5 RDX and HMX biodegradation utilizing fungi 13.4 Conclusion 13.5 Future research References 14 - Enzyme-based biodegradation of toxic environmental pollutants 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Structure of enzymes 14.3 Mode of action of enzymes 14.3.1 Fisher template model (lock and key model) 14.3.2 Induced fit model 14.4 Classification and nomenclature 14.4.1 Oxidoreductase 14.4.2 Transferase 14.4.3 Hydrolases 14.4.4 Lyases 14.4.5 Isomerases 14.4.6 Ligases 14.5 Industrial pollution and their impact on the ecosystem 14.5.1 Water pollution 14.5.2 Air pollution 14.5.3 Soil pollution 14.5.4 Effects on plants 14.5.5 Effect on wildlife 14.5.6 Enzymes-based biodegradation of various industrial pollutants 14.5.7 Enzyme oxidoreductases 14.5.8 Enzyme peroxidases 14.5.8.1 Lignin peroxidase 14.5.8.2 Manganese peroxidase 14.5.8.3 Versatile peroxidases 14.5.9 Enzyme laccases 14.5.10 Enzyme hydrolases 14.5.10.1 Lipases 14.5.10.2 Cellulases 14.5.10.3 Proteases 14.5.11 Limitations and recent advances 14.6 Conclusion References Further reading 15 - Cyanoremediation: a clean and green approach toward the sustainable environment 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Cyanobacteria at a glance 15.2.1 Microbiology of cyanobacteria 15.3 Cyanobacteria as potential food, feed, and bioenergy source 15.4 Cyanoremediation—a clean and green technology toward sustainable future 15.4.1 Characteristics of cyanobacteria 15.4.2 Different cyanoremediation approaches 15.4.2.1 Cyanoremediation of pesticides 15.4.2.1.1 Pesticide degradation phase 15.4.2.1.1 Pesticide degradation phase 15.4.2.1.2 Factors affecting the biotransformation of synthetic pesticides 15.4.2.1.2 Factors affecting the biotransformation of synthetic pesticides 15.4.2.2 Cyanoremediation of harmful heavy metals 15.4.2.3 Cyanoremediation of oil 15.4.2.4 Cyanoremediation of the radioactive compounds 15.4.2.5 Cyanoremediation in wastewater or sewage water treatment plant 15.4.2.5.1 Sequestration of nitrogen and phosphorous 15.4.2.5.1 Sequestration of nitrogen and phosphorous 15.5 Conclusion References Further reading 16 - Enzymatic bioremediation: current status, challenges, future prospects, and applications 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Bioremediation—aspects and techniques 16.3 Enzymes for bioremediation 16.3.1 Oxidoreductases 16.3.1.1 Oxygenases 16.3.1.2 Laccases 16.3.1.3 Peroxidases 16.3.2 Hydrolases 16.3.2.1 Lipases 16.3.2.2 Cellulases 16.3.2.3 Carboxylesterases 16.3.2.4 Phosphotriesterases 16.3.2.5 Haloalkane dehalogenases 16.4 Modified enzymes for bioremediation—genetic engineering/enzyme engineering 16.5 Enzyme immobilization 16.6 Advances on an innovation on enzymatic bioremediation 16.6.1 Nanozymes 16.6.2 Classification of nanozymes 16.6.3 Nanozymes applied in bioremediation processes 16.6.4 Future prospects References 17 - An approach toward the biodegradation of PAHs by microbial consortia 17.1 Introduction 17.2 PAH-degrading pathways by different bacteria and fungi 17.2.1 Degradation mechanism of fungi 17.2.1.1 Ligninolytic mechanism 17.2.1.1.1 Pyrene degradation 17.2.1.1.1 Pyrene degradation 17.2.1.1.2 Phenanthrene degradation 17.2.1.1.2 Phenanthrene degradation 17.2.1.1.3 Benzoanthracene degradation 17.2.1.1.3 Benzoanthracene degradation 17.2.1.1.4 Anthracene degradation 17.2.1.1.4 Anthracene degradation 17.2.1.1.5 Catalyzing factors 17.2.1.1.5 Catalyzing factors 17.2.2 Nonligninolytic fungi mechanism 17.2.2.1 Mechanism 17.2.2.2 Sulfation and methylation 17.2.2.3 Conjugates 17.2.3 PAHs degradation pathway by bacteria 17.2.3.1 Pathways and mechanism 17.2.3.1.1 Fluorene degradation pathway 17.2.3.1.1 Fluorene degradation pathway 17.2.3.1.2 Phenanthrene degradation pathway 17.2.3.1.2 Phenanthrene degradation pathway 17.2.3.1.3 Pyrene degradation 17.2.3.1.3 Pyrene degradation 17.2.3.1.4 Naphthalene 17.2.3.1.4 Naphthalene 17.3 Removal of PAHs from the soil by bacteria 17.3.1 Removal of some PAHs from soil 17.3.2 Fenton's reaction with viable cells 17.3.2.1 Microbial enzymatic activity 17.3.3 Biostimulation and bioaugmentation 17.3.4 Remediation mechanism 17.3.5 Competition with microflora in contaminated soil 17.3.6 Competition 17.4 Effect of incomplete combustion of PAHs on microbial and fungal consortia 17.5 Proteomics and metabolomics in bioremediation of PAHs 17.6 Limiting factors of PAHs degradation 17.7 Remediation strategy for limiting factors 17.7.1 Choice of microorganism 17.7.1.1 Bioaugmentation 17.7.1.2 Use of bacterial–fungal coculture 17.7.2 Bioavailability issue 17.7.3 Other factors 17.8 Review on physicochemical treatments 17.9 Conclusion and future aspects References Further reading 18 - Bacterial- and fungal-mediated biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in soil 18.1 Introduction 18.2 Composition of petroleum hydrocarbons 18.2.1 Aliphatics 18.2.2 Aromatics 18.2.3 Asphaltenes and waxes 18.3 Impact of petroleum hydrocarbon on soil 18.3.1 Soil fertility 18.3.2 Soil microflora 18.4 Removal of petroleum hydrocarbon 18.4.1 Bacterial biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbon 18.4.2 Fungal biodegradation of petroleum hydrocarbons 18.5 Conclusions References 19 - Deep-marine bacteria—The Frontier alternative for heavy metals bioremediation 19.1 Introduction 19.2 Sources of heavy metals 19.2.1 Toxic effects of heavy metals on sea life 19.3 Characteristics and diversity of deep-marine bacteria 19.4 Deep-marine bacteria adaptation concerning changing environmental conditions 19.4.1 Factors affecting bioremediation process 19.4.1.1 Role of pH in microbial remediation 19.4.1.2 The effect of the temperature 19.4.1.3 Substrate concentration 19.4.2 Mechanism of remediation processes 19.4.2.1 Bioaccumulation process 19.4.2.1.1 Intracellular accumulation 19.4.2.1.1 Intracellular accumulation 19.4.2.1.2 Biosorption process 19.4.2.1.2 Biosorption process 19.4.2.1.3 Biotransformation in bioremediation 19.4.2.1.3 Biotransformation in bioremediation 19.4.2.1.4 Bioleaching process 19.4.2.1.4 Bioleaching process 19.5 Heavy metal removal by deep-marine bacteria 19.6 Application of deep-marine bacteria in bioremediation 19.7 Bioremediation enhancement via genetically modified deep-marine bacteria 19.7.1 Nickel 19.7.2 Cadmium 19.7.3 Arsenic 19.7.4 Mercury 19.8 Future prospective also pros and cons of using deep-marine bacteria 19.9 Conclusion References Further reading 20 - Microbial biofilms for waste treatment and sustainable development 20.1 Introduction 20.2 Biofilms in bioremediation 20.3 Oil bioremediation 20.4 Textile wastewater treatment 20.5 Removal of pharmaceuticals 20.6 Bioremediation of persistent organic pollutants 20.7 Heavy metal remediation 20.8 Limitations and future prospect 20.9 Conclusion References Further reading Index A B C D E F G H I L M N O P R S T U V W X Y Z Back Cover